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Molecular Genetics Students: 1 st grade graduate Textbook: Gene VII

Molecular Genetics Students: 1 st grade graduate Textbook: Gene VII. Chapter 1: Genes are DNA. 1.1 Introduction. Figure 1.1 A brief history of genetics. 1.2 DNA is the genetic material. Figure 1.2 The transforming principle is DNA(Griffith, 1928). Figure 1.3

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Molecular Genetics Students: 1 st grade graduate Textbook: Gene VII

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  1. Molecular Genetics Students: 1st grade graduate Textbook: Gene VII

  2. Chapter 1: Genes are DNA

  3. 1.1 Introduction

  4. Figure 1.1 A brief history of genetics.

  5. 1.2 DNA is the genetic material

  6. Figure 1.2 The transforming principle is DNA(Griffith, 1928).

  7. Figure 1.3 The genetic material of phage T2 is DNA. (Hershey and Chase, 1952)

  8. Figure 1.4 Eukaryotic cells can acquire a new phenotype as the result of transfection by added DNA.

  9. 1.3 DNA is a double helix

  10. Figure 1.5 A polynucleotide chain consists of a series of 5’-3’ sugar-phosphate links that form a backbone from which the bases protrude.

  11. Figure 1.6 The double helix maintains a constant width because purines always face pyrimidines in the complementary A-T and G-C base pairs. The sequence in the figure is T-A, C-G, A-T, G-C.

  12. Figure 1.7 Flat base pairs lie perpendicular to the sugar-phosphate backbone.

  13. 1.4 DNA replication is semiconservative

  14. Figure 1.9 Base pairing provides the mechanism for replicating DNA.

  15. Figure 1.10 Replication of DNA is semiconservative. Parental Generation 1 Generation 2

  16. 1.5 Nucleic acids hybridize by base pairing

  17. Figure 1.12 Base pairing occurs in duplex DNA and also in intra- and inter-molecular interactions in single-stranded RNA (or DNA).

  18. Figure 1.13 Denatured single strands of DNA can renature to give the duplex form.

  19. Figure 1.14 Filter hybridization establishes whether a solution of denatured DNA (or RNA) contains sequences complementary to the strands immobilized on the filter.

  20. 1.6 Mutations change the sequence of DNA

  21. Figure 1.15 Mutations can be induced by chemical modification of a base.

  22. Figure 1.16 Mutations can be induced by the incorporation of base analogs into DNA.

  23. Figure 1.17 Spontaneous mutations occur throughout the lacI gene of E. coli, but are concentrated at a hotspot

  24. Figure 1.18 The deamination of 5-methylcytosine produces thymine (causing C-G to T-A transitions), while the deamination of cytosine produces uracil (which usually is removed and then replaced by cytosine).

  25. 1.8 A cistron is a single stretch of DNA

  26. Figure 1.19 Genes code for proteins; dominance is explained by the properties of mutant proteins. A recessive allele does not contribute to the phenotype because it produces no protein (or protein that is nonfunctional).

  27. Figure 1.20 The cistron is defined by the complementation test. Genes are represented by bars; red stars identify sites of mutation.

  28. 1.9 The nature of multiple alleles

  29. Figure 1.21 The w locus has an extensive series of alleles, whose phenotypes extend from wild-type (red) color to complete lack of pigment.

  30. Figure 1.22 The ABO blood group locus codes for a galactosyltransferase whose specificity determines the blood group.

  31. 1.10 Recombination occurs by physical exchange of DNA

  32. Figure 1.23 Chiasma formation is responsible for generating recombinants.

  33. Figure 1.24 Recombination involves pairing between complementary strands of the two parental duplex DNAs.

  34. 1.11 The genetic code is triplet

  35. Figure 1.25 illustrates the properties of frameshift mutations. An insertion or a deletion changes the entire protein sequence following the site of mutation. But the combination of an insertion and a deletion causes the code to be read in the incorrect frame only between the two sites of mutation; correct reading resumes after the second site.

  36. Figure 1.26 An open reading frame starts with AUG and continues in triplets to a termination codon. Blocked reading frames may be interrupted frequently by termination codons.

  37. 1.12 The relationship between coding sequences and proteins

  38. Figure 1.27 The recombination map of the tryptophan synthetase gene corresponds with the amino acid sequence of the protein.

  39. Figure 1.28 RNA is synthesized by using one strand of DNA as a template for complementary base pairing.

  40. Figure 1.29 The gene may be longer than the sequence coding for protein.

  41. Figure 1.30 Transcription and translation take place in the same compartment in bacteria

  42. Transcription Figure 1.31 In eukaryotes, transcription occurs in the nucleus, and translation occurs in the cytoplasm.

  43. Figure 1.32 Gene expression is a multistage process.

  44. Figure 2.10 Interrupted genes are expressed via a precursor RNA. Introns are removed when the exons are spliced together. The mRNA has only the sequences of the exons

  45. Figure 5.16 Eukaryotic mRNA is modified by addition of a cap to the 5 end and poly(A) to the 3 end.

  46. 1.13 cis-acting sites and trans-acting molecules

  47. Figure 1.20 The cistron is defined by the complementation test. Genes are represented by bars; red stars identify sites of mutation.

  48. Figure 1.33 Control sites in DNA provide binding sites for proteins; coding regions are expressed via the synthesis of RNA.

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