C H A P T E R

1. QUIT 22 C H A P T E R The Great Depression Begins CHAPTER OBJECTIVE INTERACT WITH HISTORY TIME LINE The Nation’s Sick Economy 1 SECTION GRAPH Hardship and Suffering During the Depression 2 SECTION Hoover Struggles with the Depression 3 SECTION MAP VISUAL SUMMARY

2. CHAPTER OBJECTIVE HOME 22 C H A P T E R The Great Depression Begins To understand the causes and consequences of the Great Depression and the futility of Hoover’s actions to limit the damage

3. HOME 22 C H A P T E R The Great Depression Begins I N T E R A C T W I T H H I S T O R Y The year is 1929. The United States economy has collapsed. Farms, businesses, and banks nationwide are failing, causing massive unemployment and poverty. You are out of work with little prospect of finding a job. What would you do to feed your family? Examine the Issues • What groups of people will be most hurt by the economic crash? • What can you do to find a paying job? • What can unemployed and impoverished people do to help each other?

4. TIME LINE 1929The first Academy Awards are presented. The stock market crashes. 1930-1933More than 40% of the nation’s banks fail. 1931Jane Addams shares the Nobel Peace Prize. 8.02 million Americans are unemployed. 1930Army officers led by José Uriburu seize control of the government of Argentina. 1931Japan invades Manchuria. 1933 Adolf Hitler takes power in Germany. Japan withdraws from the League of Nations. 1932Ibn Sa’ud becomes king of newly-united Saudi Arabia. From prison, Mohandas K. Gandhi leads a protest against British policies in India. 1933“Century of Progress Exposition” begins. The Twenty-first Amendment ends Prohibition. More than 13 million Americans are unemployed. 1932The Bonus Army arrives in Washington, D.C. Franklin Delano Roosevelt is elected president. HOME 22 C H A P T E R The Great Depression Begins The United States The World

5. 1 S E C T I O N The Nation’s Sick Economy HOME GRAPH KEY IDEA Economic problems affecting industries, farmers, and consumers lead to the Great Depression. OVERVIEW ASSESSMENT

6. 1 S E C T I O N The Nation’s Sick Economy •Alfred E. Smith •Great Depression •Black Tuesday •credit •speculation •price support •buying on margin •Dow Jones Industrial Average •Hawley-Smoot Tariff Act HOME GRAPH OVERVIEW MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW The Great Depression has had lasting effects on how Americans view themselves and their government. As the prosperity of the 1920s ended, severe economic problems gripped the nation. TERMS & NAMES ASSESSMENT

7. 1 S E C T I O N The Nation’s Sick Economy ASSESSMENT Cause Cause Cause Cause Effect Effect Effect Effect HOME GRAPH 1. List the causes and effects of the 1929 stock market crash. Buying on margin Loss of confidence Falling stock prices Speculation Stock Market Crash High unemployment Loss of savings Bankrupt businesses Bank failures continued . . .

8. 1 S E C T I O N The Nation’s Sick Economy ASSESSMENT HOME GRAPH 2. How did the economic trends of the 1920s help cause the Great Depression? Think About: •what happened in industry •what happened in agriculture •what happened with consumers ANSWER Industries: Less peacetime demand for goods Agriculture: International demand for crops fell, farmers went bankrupt, and rural banks failed. Consumers: Credit debt proved disastrous when the banks failed. continued . . .

9. 1 S E C T I O N The Nation’s Sick Economy ASSESSMENT HOME GRAPH 3. Judging from the events of the late 1920s and early 1930s, how important do you think public confidence is to the health of the economy? Think About: •what happened when overconfidence in the stock market led people to speculate and buy on margin •how confidence affects consumer borrowing ANSWER Too much confidence can lead to making unwise decisions, such as taking on too much debt. Too little can lead to money being pulled out of the stock market and banks—triggering a panic. End of Section 1

10. 2 S E C T I O N Hardship and Suffering During the Depression HOME KEY IDEA The Great Depression brings suffering of many kinds and degrees to people from all walks of life. OVERVIEW ASSESSMENT

11. 2 S E C T I O N •shantytown •direct relief •Dust Bowl •bread line •soup kitchen HOME Hardship and Suffering During the Depression OVERVIEW MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW During the Great Depression, Americans did what they had to do to survive. Since the Great Depression, many Americans have been more cautious about saving, investing, and borrowing. TERMS & NAMES ASSESSMENT

12. 2 S E C T I O N ASSESSMENT HOME Hardship and Suffering During the Depression 1. List the effects that the Great Depression had on farmers and city dwellers. Identify the differences and the similarities. Farmers Both City Dwellers Lost land, grew their own food, turned to tenant farming Lost their jobs and homes Lost jobs, ended up in the streets, built shantytowns, took food from soup kitchens continued . . .

13. ASSESSMENT HOME 2 S E C T I O N Hardship and Suffering During the Depression 2. How was what happened to men during the Great Depression different from what happened to women? children? Think About: •each group’s role in their families •the changes each group had to make •what help was available to them ANSWER Men:depressed over changes in their status and inability to provide for their families; wandered the country looking for work Women: forced to take a more active role in the survival of their families by working outside the home Children: stopped going to school, went to work; suffered from malnutrition and diet-related diseases continued . . .

14. 2 S E C T I O N ASSESSMENT HOME Hardship and Suffering During the Depression 3. How did Dust Bowl conditions in the Great Plains affect the entire country? ANSWER Eastern cities were covered with dirt blown from the plains. Hundreds of thousands of farm families migrated to California, where unemployment soared. continued . . .

15. 2 S E C T I O N ASSESSMENT HOME Hardship and Suffering During the Depression 4. In what ways did the Great Depression affect people’s outlook? ANSWER The economic problems forced people to make compromises and sacrifices in their goal to be financially secure. End of Section 2

16. 3 S E C T I O N HOME MAP Hoover Struggles with the Depression KEY IDEA President Hoover tries to restore confidence and halt the Depression, but his actions are ineffective. OVERVIEW ASSESSMENT

17. 3 S E C T I O N •Herbert Hoover •Federal Home Loan Bank Act •Bonus Army •Boulder Dam •Reconstruction Finance Corporation HOME MAP Hoover Struggles with the Depression OVERVIEW MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW President Hoover’s conservative response to the Great Depression drew criticism from many Americans. Worsening conditions in the country caused the government to become more involved in the health and wealth of the people. TERMS & NAMES ASSESSMENT

18. 3 S E C T I O N Hoover Struggles with the Depression ASSESSMENT HOME MAP 1. Explain what Hoover said and did in response to the Great Depression. “Any lack of confidence in the economic future…is foolish” Sending of troops against Bonus Army Reconstruction Finance Corporation “rugged individualism” Federal Home Loan Bank Act Hoover’s Responses Federal Farm Board Public-works programs Boulder Dam continued . . .

19. 3 S E C T I O N ASSESSMENT HOME MAP Hoover Struggles with the Depression 2. How did Hoover’s belief in “rugged individualism” shape his policies during the Great Depression? Think About: •what his belief implies about his view of people •how that translates into the role of government •Hoover’s policies ANSWER Hoover’s belief in “rugged individualism” implied limited government intervention and prompted him to take a cautious approach. continued . .

20. 3 S E C T I O N Hoover Struggles with the Depression ASSESSMENT HOME MAP 3. When Franklin Delano Roosevelt heard about the attack on the Bonus Army, why was he so certain that he would defeat Hoover? Think About: •the American public’s impression of Hoover •Hoover’s actions to alleviate the Great Depression •how people judged Hoover after the attack ANSWER The public wanted a leader who would act to relieve its suffering. The attack made Hoover seem uncaring and cruel. Also, the public already blamed Hoover for its suffering, and the attack just confirmed that negative impression of him. End of Section 3