Columbus to the Constitution

1. Columbus to the Constitution A Review of Chapters 1-8 Kevin Supakkul Luke Camperlengo Josh Nottingham Catherine Lillie

2. New World Beginnings

3. Over in Europe • It’s all about the spices • The spice trade brought wealth to the nations that owned it • Marco Polo was a huge influence on Europe’s desire to visit Asia • However, them Asians were too far away: land routes were extremely costly and inefficient • Portugal was the first nation to employ sea transportation to move the spices

4. Here comes Spain • The Portuguese were threatening to become the most powerful nation in Europe • The Spanish decided they weren’t having any of that • Columbus was granted a sad excuse for ships and crew, and he set sail for the East Indies • And of course, he found… Indians?

5. Spain vs Portugal (3,2,1 fight!) • Yeah… they did not like each other • In 1494 the Pope (who happened to be born in Spain) ruled that the Spanish would get control of most of the New World land and the Portuguese would claim the rest of the world that was not under Christian rule already. This is the Treaty of Tordesillas. • It wasn’t long before Spain dominated the New World: Cortes conquered the Aztecs and Pizarro overtook the Incas

6. Spanish America • The conquistadors were harsh and cruel rulers who were very selfish and up to no good • Mestizos were people of mixed Indian and European race • Father Junipero Serra and other Spaniards tried to set up missions to convert the Natives. However, those were not very effective because many of the Natives ended up dying from disease

7. The Columbian Exchange • First of all, Columbus has way too many things named after him New WorldOld World Gold, silver, corn, potatoes, Wheat, sugar, rice, horses, tomatoes, syphilis cows, pigs, smallpox, measles, flu, death

8. Why were the Spanish so dominant? • Germs. The Natives fell like dominoes • The Spanish had superior weaponry and bigger egos: they felt the need to conquer conquer conquer • 3 Gs: God, Gold, Glory • No competitions from the other Europeans in America...yet

9. Chapter 2 The Planting of English America

10. Religious stir in Europe • Protestant Reformation • Phillip II of Spain (Catholic) fought against the British Protestants by building the Spanish Armada which got cleaned up pretty nicely by a storm • The defeat of the Spanish Armada led to British dominance of the seas… ‘Murica here we come!

11. The British are Coming the British are coming!... To America • First was Roanoke… they were abducted by aliens for all we know. Poof • Primogeniture were laws stating that the eldest son could inherit his father’s fortunes: this left many younger sons to want to move to America • Joint-stock companies financed the colonies in America • The company that financed Jamestown was the Virginia Company

12. Jamestown: 1607 • The charter said that the colonists had the rights of Englishmen… yeah this will come back to bite the British later • Jamestown was all about money: People came for economic opportunity that they otherwise did not have at home

13. Jamestown cont. • Struggled a lot initially: many colonists died during the first year • Native Americans were there first, mosquitos were being their annoying and deadly selves, and some of the settlers were searching for nonexistent gold in the area • Eventually they got going with tobacco: it grew surprisingly well in the otherwise sad excuse for soil in Jamestown

14. Jamestown cont. • Tobacco became king of Jamestown: It ruined the soil and made them dependent on one crop to run a whole colony • Headright system: if you paid for a servant to travel over to do labor, you received 50 acres of land. It was the indentured servants system • In 1619 Africans were introduced to Jamestown: this was the beginnings of the American slave system (boo) • House of Burgesses was a representational assembly in Virginia: King James I did not like this

15. Other Early Colonies • Lord Baltimore founded Maryland (1634) which became a mostly Catholic settlement • The Carolinas were set up by King Charles II for growing crops for export • Carolina and Rhode Island were the most democratic of the original colonies • Georgia was set to be a buffer colony to protect against the Spanish. It was also a charity colony for debtors

16. Early Colonies cont. • The plantation colonies: Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia • Commonalities: Economies based on cash crops, there was some religious tolerance

17. Chapter 3 Settling the Northern Colonies

18. John Calvin and Puritanism • Martin Luther and John Calvin gave explosive ideas regarding religion • John Calvin preached Calvinism which stressed “predestination” • Puritans - people influenced to totally reform the English Church

19. The Pilgrims • The Separatists (Pilgrims) came from Holland • After an agreement with the Virginia Company they left on the Mayflower for New England • Mayflower Compact - a set of rules to obey, not a constitution but sets an example for future constitutions • Plymouth Colony (Thanksgiving!) • William Bradford - Governor of Plymouth

20. The Bae Colony • Non-Separatist Puritans got a royal charter in 1629 • “Great Migration” • John Winthrop - Governor for 19 years (“City upon a hill”) • Freemen elected the governor and his associates (Not a Democracy) • The purpose of the Government was to enforce God’s laws

21. Anne Hutchinson and Roger Williams • Challenged the Puritan Church • Banished from the Massachusetts Colony • Roger Williams creates Rhode Island

22. New England Colonies • Hartford and Connecticut (1635) • New Haven (1638) • Parts of Maine (1677) • New Hampshire (1679)

23. Puritans v Indians • Connecticut/Pequot war • King Phillip’s war

24. The Colonies Start to Come Together New England Confederation • Defense against foes or potential foes • Milestone towards colonial unity

25. The First Revolution • The Dominion of New England • Sir Edmund Andros (ew) • The first Navigation Acts • The Glorious Revolution • The English are in the courts

26. The Old Netherlands • Netherland gains independence from Spain • The Dutch East India Company and Henry Hudson • The Dutch West India Company • New England hates the Dutch • Sweden Trespasses and the Thirty years war • The Dutch fall in New York

27. Penn and the Quakers Quakers - a religious society of friends William Penn - founded Pennsylvania, refuge for the Quakers • very friendly with the natives

28. The Middle Colonies New York, New Jersey, Delaware, and Pennsylvania • all large exporters of grain (bread colonies) • more ethnically mixed • more religious tolerance than the rest

29. Chapter 4 American Life in the 17th Century

30. Tobacco • Huge tobacco economy • labor supply problems • indentured servants and the headright system

31. Bacon’s Rebellion • Nathaniel Bacon fed up with William Berkeley’s indian policies • Attacked indians, chased the Governor out of Virginia and burned the capital

32. Colonial Slavery • Higher wages and the Royal African Company caused a change to slave labor • The beginning “Slave Codes” • A new southern hierarchy The Slave Revolts • NYC 1712 - 12 white people died, 21 blacks executed • South Carolina slave revolt - tried to march to Spanish Florida, stopped by local militia

33. New England v The South New England Less disease Church got the land if the husband died Migrated as families Women got no land rights Women made tons of babies Strong policies to hold the integrity of marriages South Hierarchy of planters Woman got some land rights Woman would work in the house and in the field if needed

34. Halfway Covenant • Halfway Covenant - can join the church without full communion • increased membership and funds for the churches

35. The New England Way of Life • Calvinism + soil + climate • Soil was stony and the climate was horrible • Led to job diversity and little farming • Fish and Lumber industries

36. Chapter 5 Colonial Society on the Eve of Revolution

37. Population Increase • 2.5 million colonial residents by 1775 • 2 million white, .5 million black “forced immigrants” • One colonist for every 3 residents in Britain - shift in balance of power • Only four communities big enough to be called cities: Philadelphia, New York, Boston, Charleston • all had less than 34,000 residents • 90% population in rural areas

38. Mingling of Races • Germans • 6% of population • Scots-Irish • 7% of population • not actually Irish - they were Scots Lowlanders forced into Northern Ireland • African Slaves • 20%

39. Mingling of Races (cont.) • “Other” • French, Welsh, Dutch, Swedes, Jews, Irish, Swiss • Melting Pot • “...strange mixture of blood which you would find in no other country.” - Michel-Guillaume de Crevecoeur • These non-English settlers felt little to no loyalty to the British Crown

40. Colonial Society • North • families grew and available land shrunk • younger sons and daughters hired out as wage laborers • Boston - large number of homeless poor, supported by public charity • South • riches created by slave plantations not evenly distributed • wealth in the hands of the largest slave owners widened the gap between the wealthy and the poor

41. Workforce • Agriculture • Tobacco, wheat, grain • Fishing • major industry in NE, stimulated shipbuilding • Triangular Trade • Stimulated trade between England, Africa, and the colonies

42. Workforce (cont.) • Lumbering • most important manufacturing activity • supplied shipbuilding industry • 400 ships built per year • one third of british marine fleet was American-made • Growing Trade Imbalance • Growing American demanded British goods but Britain no longer needed American goods • American began seeking out new, non-British markets • Parliament passes Molasses Act

43. Churches • Anglican Church (Church of England) • official faith in Georgia, Carolinas,Virginia, Maryland, New York • served as a major prop of kingly authority - British officials attempted to impose it on other colonies • Congregational Church (formerly Puritan Church) • had formal establishments in all colonies except Rhode Island • supporters of the revolution • Religious toleration relatively successful • the only real discrimination against Roman Catholics, but there were so few of them in America that it was a non-issue

44. The Great Awakening • Religious revival 1730s-1740s • Jonathan Edwards • human beings not predestined to eternal damnation • “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God” • George Whitefield - new preaching style • “Old Lights” - orthodox clergymen, skeptical of new ways • “New Lights” - Defended Great Awakening for its role in revitalizing American religion

45. The Great Awakening (contd.) • Effects • emphasis on direct, emotive spirituality • increased numbers and competitiveness of churches • encouraged fresh wave of missionary work with natives • led to founding of Princeton, Brown, Rutgers, Dartmouth • broke down sectional boundaries and denominational lines

46. Benjamin Franklin • Poor Richard’s Almanac • emphasized homespun virtues like thrift, industry, morality, and common sense • more widely read than everything except Bible

47. Newspapers • Powerful agency for airing political grievances and rallying opposition to British control • John Peter Zenger Trial • newspaper printer accused of libel (knowingly false accusation) for assailing corrupt royal governor • found not guilty • achievement for freedom of the press • helped to establish that true statements about public officials was not libel

48. Politics in the Colonies • Different types of colonial gov’t: • proprietors who chose governors - Maryland, Pennsylvania, Delaware • elected governors - Rhode Island, Connecticut • royally appointed governors - all the rest • Two-House Legislature • upper house appointed by king or voters (depending on gov’t) • lower house elected by people • Voting Qualifications • white, male property owner • upper class afraid of “democratic excesses”

49. Chapter 6 The Duel for North America

50. France and Canada • Quebec • Established by Samuel de Champlain • Natives • helped Huron fight against Iroquois • Iroquois prevented French from expanding into Ohio • Government • direct control by king - completely autocratic • no representative assemblies or trial by jury