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Higher Urban Lesson 2

Higher Urban Lesson 2. Urban models. Urban Models. As cities have grown in size and population geographers have tried to identify and explain urban patterns. This has resulted in various models showing the structure and spatial patterns of settlements. Urban Models. Activity.

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Higher Urban Lesson 2

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  1. Higher Urban Lesson 2 Urban models

  2. Urban Models • As cities have grown in size and population geographers have tried to identify and explain urban patterns. • This has resulted in various models showing the structure and spatial patterns of settlements.

  3. Urban Models

  4. Activity • Complete the Worksheet – Urban Models. • Fill in the missing information on the worksheet.

  5. Factors that affect the site of a settlement • Site: the actual land on which the original settlement is built on. This will affect the growth of a settlement over time. • IMPORTANT FACTORS for the original site of a settlement : • 1 Near a fresh water supply • 2 Flat land • 3 Fertile Soils • 4 Dry land • 5 Good Defence • 6 Bridging points • 7 Gap Sites • 8 Near raw materials • 9 Coastal sites

  6. Functional Zones within a city • Functional Zones in Milan and Manchester

  7. Zones of a city The photo below shows the skyline of London. These tall buildings are typical of the CBD of any major city.

  8. The CBD • Worksheet 3 – Functional Zones within a city. • Read the section on CBD and answer the questions which follow. • Answer the questions in your jotter.

  9. BID RENT THEORY • Bid rent theory is a geographicaltheory that refers to how the price and demand on land changes as the distance towards the CBD (Central Business District) increases. • It states that different land users will compete with one and other for land close to the city centre. This is based upon the idea that retail establishments wish to maximise their profitability, so they are much more willing to pay more for land close to the CBD and less for land further away from this area. This theory is based upon the reasoning that the more accessible an area, the more profitable it is going to be. • The different land users all compete with one and other for the more accessible land. The amount that they are willing to pay is called Bid Rent. As a direct result of this, a pattern of concentric rings of land use develops. It could be assumed that, according to this theory, the poorest houses and buildings will be on the very outskirts of the City (the suburbs), as that is the only place that they can afford to occupy. However, in modern times this is rarely the case, as many people prefer to trade off the accessibility of being close to the CBD, and move to the edges of the settlement, where it is possible to buy more land for the same amount of money (as Bid Rent states). Likewise, lower income housing trades off greater living space for greater accessibility to employment. For this reason low income housing is found in the inner city, and high income housing is at the edges of the settlement.

  10. Bid Rent Theory • Commercial land uses and businesses which can afford higher rents can afford the most accessible and expensive sites in the city centre and along main roads. • Industry and residential land uses take up more space and can not afford expensive city centre land, so they are located on cheaper land on the edge of the city.

  11. Land Use Values (peak land value intersection) • Land is expensive in the CBD where competition for the land is greatest. • Land becomes increasingly cheaper towards the edge of the city. • The most expensive area of land is known as the PEAK LAND VALUE INTERSECTION, this is in the CBD. • There are smaller peaks of value at other desirable areas – e.g. at major crossroads and suburban shopping centres.

  12. Peak Land Value Intersection • The Diagram opposite shows that Retail (shopping) occupies the PLVI. • It also shows that PVLI location is in the CBD. • In London the PVLI would be occupied by a large department store such as Harrods.

  13. Bid rent curves • Your worksheet and the diagram opposite show that each different land use in the city has its own bid rent curve. • These curves are steepest where the land use can charge the highest amount for land in the city centre. • These land uses are usually retail. • The gentle curves represent housing which can not afford to pay the high land prices of the CBD.

  14. Functional Zone 2 - offices • Offices are the second main land use in the CBD after retail. • Offices cluster in the CBD to take advantage of available information, personal contacts and the highest accessibility to the whole urban area. • A site in the CBD offers access to a range of ancillary, quaternary services such as computer services, advertising and financial advice. • Offices which do not need these services are usually found in office parks on cheaper Greenfield sites on the edge of the city.

  15. Functional Zone 2 : Offices • Read the section on offices in your worksheet (3). • Answer all the questions on offices in your worksheets.

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