Actinopterygian Relationships III Biology of Fishes 10.4.2012

1. Actinopterygian Relationships IIIBiology of Fishes10.4.2012

2. Overview Review (Actinopterygian Relationships II) Actinopterygian Relationships III : Acanthopterygii Exam I Review

3. Actinopterygian Relationships III Teleostei Euteleostei Neoteleostei • Holostei(gars, bowfins) • Teleostei (teleosts“modern fishes”) - Elopomorpha(eels, tarpons, relatives) - Osteoglossomorpha(bonytongues) -Clupeomorpha(herrings, shad, relatives) -Ostariophysi(minnows, catfishes, characins, relatives) -Protacanthopterygii Acanthomorpha -Paracanthopterygii -Acanthopterygii

4. ActinopterygianRelationships

5. ActinopterygianRelationships Acanthomorpha • Neoteleostei • Acanthomorpha(teleosts“modern fishes”) - Paracanthopterygii(cods, anglers, cavefishes) - Acanthopterygii

6. ActinopterygianRelationships • Paracanthopterygii(cods, anglers, cavefishes, relatives) • Acanthopterygii (spiny-finned fishes) - Mugilomorpha(mullets) -Atherinomorpha(silversides, flyingfishes, liverbearers and rel.) -Percomorpha (perch-shaped fishes)

7. Acanthopterygii

8. Actinopterygian Relationships • Acanthopterygii(spiny-finned fishes) • Most diverse group of bony fishes; ~15,000 species • Two major synapomorphies • Ascending process – dorsal extension of premaxilla • Most highly developed pharyngeal dentition and function based on new muscle and bone attachments • Ctenoid scales • Physoclistous gas bladder • 2 dorsal fins (1 spiny-rayed, 1 soft-rayed) • Pelvic and anal fin spines • Pelvic fins forward, pectoral fins laterally positioned

9. Acanthopterygii

10. Actinopterygian Relationships • Acanthopterygii(spiny-finned fishes) • Most advanced fishes, dominate shallow productive habitats of marine and many freshwater environments • Controversial phylogeny (follow Nelson 2006)

11. ActinopterygianRelationships • Paracanthopterygii(cods, anglers, cavefishes, relatives) • Acanthopterygii (spiny-finned fishes) - Mugilomorpha(mullets) - Atherinomorpha(silversides, flyingfishes, liverbearers, and rel.) -Percomorpha (perch-shaped fishes)

12. Mugilomorpha

13. Actinopterygian Relationships • Mugilomorpha (mullets) • Nearshore, catadromous; ~80 species • “primitive” acanthopterygians (cycloid or intermediate cycloid-ctenoid scales); no pelvic girdle attachment • Detritivores, feed on organic silt • Important food fish

14. ActinopterygianRelationships • Paracanthopterygii(cods, anglers, cavefishes, relatives) • Acanthopterygii (spiny-finned fishes) - Mugilomorpha(mullets) - Atherinomorpha(silversides, flyingfishes, liverbearers and rel.) -Percomorpha (perch-shaped fishes)

15. Atherinomorpha

16. Actinopterygian Relationships • Atherinomorpha(silversides, flyingfishes, liverbearers and relatives) • Surface-dwellers, marine and freshwater, ~1500 species • Unique protruding upper jaw, superior mouths • Internal fertilization and live-bearing in many species • Some unisexual (all female) species

17. Atherinomorpha

18. ActinopterygianRelationships • Paracanthopterygii(cods, anglers, cavefishes, relatives) • Acanthopterygii (spiny-finned fishes) - Mugilomorpha(mullets) - Atherinomorpha(silversides, flyingfishes, liverbearers and rel.) -Percomorpha (perch-shaped fishes)

19. ActinopterygianRelationships

20. Actinopterygian Relationships • Percomorpha(“perch-shaped” fishes) • Most advanced clade of fishes • ~13,000 species; primarily marine, many successful freshwater • Primary synapomorphyis anteriorly placed pelvic girdle attached to pectoral girdle directly or via ligament • Pelvic fin with anterior spine and 5 soft rays (typically)

21. Percomorpha(basal groups) • Stephanoberyciformes (whalefishes) • Beryciformes (squirrelfishes) • Zeiformes (dories) • Gasterosteiformes (sticklebacks, seahorses) • Synbranchiformes (swamp eels) • Scorpaeniformes (scorpionfishes, sculpins, relatives)

22. Percomorpha(advanced groups) • Perciformes (perch-like fishes) • Pleuronectiformes (flatfishes) • Tetraodontiformes (puffers, triggerfishes, relatives)

23. Percomorpha

24. Percomorpha(basal groups) whalefishes dories squirrelfishes swamp eels scorpionfishes, sculpins seahorses, sticklebacks

25. Percomorpha(advanced groups) Perciformes Pleuronectiformes Tetraodontiformes

26. Exam I Review • Exam Format (multiple choice, short answer, short essay) • Phylogenetic Relationships • Terms (monophyletic, synapomorphy, catadromous) • Examples of major concepts, relationships & groups • “salmon are anadromous…” • “two major factors that have contributed to the success of teleosts” • “mobile maxilla is important because…” • Journal Articles

27. Exam I Review • Phylogeny • Complete Craniate Phylogeny • Know common and scientific names* • Start at Hagfishes (Myxiniformes*) • End at Percomorpha* (Perch-shaped fishes) • Know some examples of component groups • Group Project topics due Thursday 10.11.2012

28. Complete Phylogeny CRANIATES Chondrichthyes Sarcopterygii Vertebrates Osteichthyes Actinopterygii

29. Complete Phylogeny • Hagfishes • Vertebrates • Lampreys • Gnathostomes (possess jaws) - Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fishes) - Osteichthyes (bony fishes) Sarcopterygii (lobe-finned fishes) Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes)

30. Complete Phylogeny • Sarcopterygii(lobe fins) • Actinopterygii(ray fins) - Cladistia(bichirs, reedfish) - Chondrostei(sturgeons, paddlefishes) -Holostei(gars, bowfins) -Teleostei(teleosts, “modern fishes”)

31. Complete Phylogeny Teleostei Euteleostei Neoteleostei • Holostei(gars, bowfins) • Teleostei (teleosts“modern fishes”) - Elopomorpha(eels, tarpons, relatives) - Osteoglossomorpha(bonytongues) -Clupeomorpha(herrings, shad, relatives) -Ostariophysi(minnows, catfishes, characins, relatives) -Protacanthopterygii Acanthomorpha -Paracanthopterygii -Acanthopterygii

32. Complete Phylogeny • Paracanthopterygii(cods, anglers, cavefishes, relatives) • Acanthopterygii (spiny-finned fishes) - Mugilomorpha(mullets) - Atherinomorpha(silversides, flyingfishes, liverbearers and rel.) -Percomorpha (perch-shaped fishes)