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Actinopterygian Relationships IV Biology of Fishes 10.11.12

Actinopterygian Relationships IV Biology of Fishes 10.11.12. Overview. Presentation Topics Review ( Actinopterygian Relationships III) Actinopterygian Relationships IV : Percomorpha. Actinopterygian Relationships. Actinopterygian Relationships. Actinopterygian Relationships.

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Actinopterygian Relationships IV Biology of Fishes 10.11.12

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  1. Actinopterygian Relationships IVBiology of Fishes10.11.12

  2. Overview Presentation Topics Review (Actinopterygian Relationships III) Actinopterygian Relationships IV : Percomorpha

  3. Actinopterygian Relationships

  4. Actinopterygian Relationships

  5. Actinopterygian Relationships • Paracanthopterygii(cods, anglers, cavefishes, relatives) • Acanthopterygii (spiny-finned fishes) - Mugilomorpha(mullets) -Atherinomorpha(silversides, flyingfishes, liverbearers and rel.) -Percomorpha (perch-shaped fishes)

  6. Acanthopterygii

  7. Actinopterygian Relationships • Acanthopterygii(spiny-finned fishes) • Most diverse group of bony fishes; ~15,000 species • Two major synapomorphies • Ascending process – dorsal extension of premaxilla • Most highly developed pharyngeal dentition and function based on new muscle and bone attachments • Ctenoid scales • Physoclistous gas bladder • 2 dorsal fins (1 spiny-rayed, 1 soft-rayed) • Pelvic and anal fin spines • Pelvic fins forward, pectoral fins laterally positioned

  8. Acanthopterygii

  9. Actinopterygian Relationships • Acanthopterygii(spiny-finned fishes) • Most advanced fishes, dominate shallow productive habitats of marine and many freshwater environments • Controversial phylogeny (follow Nelson 2006)

  10. Actinopterygian Relationships pumpkinseed sunfish • Paracanthopterygii(cods, anglers, cavefishes, relatives) • Acanthopterygii (spiny-finned fishes) - Mugilomorpha(mullets) - Atherinomorpha(silversides, flyingfishes, liverbearers and rel.) -Percomorpha (perch-shaped fishes)

  11. Actinopterygian Relationships

  12. Actinopterygian Relationships • Percomorpha(“perch-shaped” fishes) • Most advanced clade of fishes • ~13,000 species; primarily marine, many successful freshwater • Primary synapomorphyis anteriorly placed pelvic girdle attached to pectoral girdle directly or via ligament • Pelvic fin with anterior spine and 5 soft rays (typically)

  13. Percomorpha(basal groups) • Stephanoberyciformes (whalefishes) • Beryciformes (squirrelfishes) • Zeiformes (dories) • Gasterosteiformes (sticklebacks, seahorses) • Synbranchiformes (swamp eels) • Scorpaeniformes (scorpionfishes, sculpins, relatives)

  14. Percomorpha

  15. Percomorpha(basal groups) whalefishes dories squirrelfishes swamp eels scorpionfishes, sculpins seahorses, sticklebacks

  16. Percomorpha • Stephanoberyciformes(whalefishes) • ~75 species • Deepsea marine fishes • Primitive percomorphs, more caudal fin rays (18-19) than other percomorphs (typically 17)

  17. Percomorpha • Beryciformes(squirrelfishes) • ~144 species • Nocturnal marine fishes • Large eyes, head; also primitive caudal fin ray number (18-19) • Includes commercially important orange roughy (mature in 20-30 years, live past 150 years)

  18. Percomorpha • Zeiformes(dories) • ~75 species • Primitive marine percomorphs • Protrusible mouths • Not well-classified in percomorpha based on morphologies

  19. Percomorpha • Gasterosteiformes(sticklebacks, seashorses) • ~280 species, primarily marine, small fishes • Dermal armor plates, small mouths • Sticklebacks very intensely studied (behavior, physiology, ecology, evolution) • Unique reproductive behavior – “pregnant males”

  20. Percomorpha • Synbranchiformes(swamp eels) • ~100 species • Primarily freshwater, eel-like fishes • Air-breathers • Lack most fins, in some cases all fins • Invasive species from pet trade

  21. Percomorpha • Scorpaeniformes(scorpionfishes, sculpins, relatives) • ~1500 species, primarily marine fishes • Phylogenetic placement in percomorpha debated • Many lack scales, possess numerous spines • Venomous lionfishes and stonefishes • Freshwater sculpins • Lumpfish (Cyclopterus) is most advanced

  22. Percomorpha(advanced groups) • Perciformes (perch-like fishes) • Pleuronectiformes (flatfishes) • Tetraodontiformes (puffers, triggerfishes, relatives)

  23. Percomorpha

  24. Percomorpha(advanced groups) Perciformes Pleuronectiformes Tetraodontiformes triggerfish yellow perch ocean sunfish parrotfish flounders & halibuts

  25. Percomorpha • Perciformes(perch-like fishes) • Largest order of vertebrates – 160 families and over 10,000 species; more than 2/3 of all fishes • Rapid evolution ~20 million years • Marine (gobies, wrasses, seabasses) and freshwater success (cichlids, croakers, perches/darters) • Some of the most recognizable fishes

  26. Perciformes

  27. Percomorpha • Pleuronectiformes(flounders, halibuts, relatives) • Asymmetrical morphology – both eyes on one side of head • Teeth, scales, fins, pigmentation differ between sides • Benthic, carnivorous, primarily marine; ~680 species • Important food fishes

  28. Percomorpha • Tetraodontiformes(puffers, triggerfishes, relatives) • “four teeth”; many lack true teeth (possess modified jaw bone) • Most derived fishes, reduced bones, fins, morphology; ~360 species • Trigger mechanism in trigger/filefishes • Cartilaginous elements re-evolved (“come full circle”) • tetraodotoxin

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