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Cell Differentiation

Cell Differentiation. And hierarchy of organisms ’ tissues. Cell differentiation. The process by which unspecialized cells develop into their mature forms and functions Embryonic Stem Cells Undifferentiated (unspecialized) Totipotent – can develop into ANY type tissue Adult Stem Cells

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Cell Differentiation

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  1. Cell Differentiation And hierarchy of organisms’ tissues

  2. Cell differentiation • The process by which unspecialized cells develop into their mature forms and functions • Embryonic Stem Cells • Undifferentiated (unspecialized) • Totipotent – can develop into ANY type tissue • Adult Stem Cells • Pluripotent or multipotent – can develop into certain types of tissues.

  3. Levels of organization • Level one = cells -basic unit of life; examples are • blood cells • Red (RBC, or erythrocytes) • White (leukocytes) • nerve cells (neurons) • bone cells (osteoblasts)

  4. Levels of organization • Level two -tissues= Made up of cells that are similar in structure and function and which work together to perform a specific activity • -Humans have 4 basic tissues: connective, epithelial, muscle, and nerve. • Connective tissue • include bones, ligaments, cartilage, blood, tendons • Epithelial tissue- • skin, the mucosa, and the serosa (lines body cavities and internal organs) • Muscle tissue- • skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, and cardiac muscle • Nerve tissue- • brain, spinal cord, and nerves

  5. Levels of organization • LEVEL3 – Organs -Made up of tissues that work together to perform a specific activity • heart, brain, skin, etc. • LEVEL4 - Organ Systems -Groups of two or more organs that work together to perform a specific function for the organism. • The Human body has 11 organ systems - circulatory, digestive, endocrine (hormonal), excretory (urinary), lymphatic (immune), integumentary (skin), muscular, nervous, reproductive, respiratory, and skeletal.

  6. Levels of organization • LEVEL5 - Organisms -Entire living things that can carry out all basic life processes. • Meaning they can take in materials, release energy from food, release wastes, grow, respond to the environment, and reproduce. • Usually made up of organ systems, but an organism may be made up of only one cell such as bacteria or protist.

  7. Cell Regulation • What makes a cell divide? • Internal signal: Enzymes produced by cell • Ext. signal: like growth factor produced elsewhere • When cells packed close, NO division • Not packed, division starts • Checkpoints: where stop/go signals reg. division

  8. Uncontrolled division • Too many cells form a tumor • Disrupts normal cell activity • Takes nutrients • If one area only: benign • If spreading: malignant

  9. The staging of a carcinoma has to do with the size of the tumor, and the degree to which it has penetrated. When the tumor is small and has not penetrated the mucosal layer, it is said to be stage I cancer. Stage II tumors are into the muscle wall, and stage III involves nearby lymph nodes. The rare stage IV cancer has spread (metastasized) to remote organs. http://www.nytimes.com/imagepages/2007/08/01/health/adam/19222Stagesofcancer.html

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