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FERPA in the Digital Age: What You Need to Know

Learn about the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA) of 1974 and how it protects the privacy of education records. Understand the definitions, rights, and exceptions under FERPA to ensure compliance in the digital age.

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FERPA in the Digital Age: What You Need to Know

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  1. FERPA in the Digital Age: What You Need to Know Presented by: Richard Rainsberger

  2. FAMILY EDUCATIONAL RIGHTS AND PRIVACY ACT OF 1974 "A FEDERAL LAW DESIGNED TO PROTECT THE PRIVACY OF EDUCATION RECORDS, TO ESTABLISH THE RIGHT OF STUDENTS TO INSPECT AND REVIEW THEIR EDUCATION RECORDS, AND TO PROVIDE GUIDELINES FOR THE CORRECTION OF INACCURATE AND MISLEADING DATA THROUGH INFORMAL AND FORMAL HEARINGS." ________________________________ DEFINITIONS OF TERMS FOR ADMISSIONS AND RECORDS. Washington, D.C.: AACRAO, 1980, p. 28.

  3. FAMILY EDUCATIONAL RIGHTS AND PRIVACY ACT OF 1974 THIS ACT IS ENFORCED BY THE FAMILY POLICY COMPLIANCE OFFICE, U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION, WASHINGTON, D.C.

  4. THE ESSENCE OF THE ACT • COLLEGE STUDENTS MUST BE PERMITTED TO INSPECT THEIR OWN EDUCATION RECORDS. • SCHOOL OFFICIALS MAY NOT DISCLOSE PERSONALLY IDENTIFIABLE INFORMATION ABOUT STUDENTS NOR PERMIT INSPECTION OF THEIR RECORDS WITHOUT WRITTEN PERMISSION UNLESS SUCH ACTION IS COVERED BY CERTAIN EXCEPTIONS PERMITTED BY THE ACT.

  5. WHAT IS AN EDUCATION RECORD? • ANY RECORD, WITH CERTAIN EXCEPTIONS, MAINTAINED BY AN INSTITUTION THAT IS DIRECTLY RELATED TO A STUDENT OR STUDENTS. THIS RECORD CAN CONTAIN A STUDENT'S NAME, OR STUDENTS' NAMES OR INFORMATION FROM WHICH AN INDIVIDUAL STUDENT, OR STUDENTS, CAN BE PERSONALLY (INDIVIDUALLY) IDENTIFIED • THESE RECORDS INCLUDE: FILES, DOCUMENTS, AND MATERIALS IN WHATEVER MEDIUM (HANDWRITING, PRINT, TAPES, DISKS, FILM, MICROFILM, MICROFICHE) WHICH CONTAIN INFORMATION DIRECTLY RELATED TO STUDENTS AND FROM WHICH STUDENTS CAN BE PERSONALLY (INDIVIDUALLY) IDENTIFIED.

  6. “PERSONALLY IDENTIFIABLE” "PERSONALLY IDENTIFIABLE" MEANS DATA OR INFORMATION WHICH INCLUDES: (1) THE NAME OF THE STUDENT, THE STUDENT'S PARENT, OR OTHER FAMILY MEMBERS (2) THE STUDENT'S CAMPUS OR HOME ADDRESS; (3) A PERSONAL IDENTIFIER (SUCH AS A SOCIAL SECURITY NUMBER OR STUDENT NUMBER) (4) A LIST OF PERSONAL CHARACTERISTICS OR OTHER INFORMATION WHICH WOULD MAKE THE STUDENT'S IDENTITY EASILY TRACEABLE

  7. Grades Posted on Bulletin Board outside of Instructor’s Office

  8. WHAT AN EDUCATION RECORD IS NOT!! • “SOLE POSSESSION” NOTES • LAW ENFORCEMENT UNIT RECORDS • RECORDS MAINTAINED EXCLUSIVELY FOR INDIVIDUALS IN THE THEIR CAPACITY AS EMPLOYEES • RECORDS OF INDIVIDUALS WHO ARE EMPLOYED AS A RESULT OF THEIR STATUS AS STUDENTS (WORK STUDY) ARE EDUCATION RECORDS. • DOCTOR-PATIENT PRIVILEGE RECORDS • ALUMNI RECORDS

  9. "SOLE POSSESSION NOTES" ARE MADE BY ONE PERSON AS AN INDIVIDUAL OBSERVATION OR RECOLLECTION, ARE KEPT IN THE POSSESSION OF THE MAKER, AND ARE ONLY SHARED WITH A TEMPORARY SUBSTITUTE. -- THIS TERM HAS ALWAYS BEEN NARROWLY DEFINED. -- NOTES TAKEN IN CONJUNCTION WITH ANY OTHER PERSON ARE NOT SOLE POSSESSION NOTES (COUNSELOR'S NOTES, INTERVIEW NOTES). -- SHARING THESE NOTES WITH ANOTHER PERSON, OR PLACING THEM IN AN AREA WHERE THEY CAN BE VIEWED BY OTHERS MAKES THEM "EDUCATION RECORDS" AND SUBJECT TO FERPA. -- BEST ADVICE: IF YOU DON'T WANT IT REVIEWED, DON'T WRITE IT DOWN.

  10. WHAT IS AN EDUCATION RECORD? (SUMMARY) • IF YOU HAVE A RECORD WHICH IS: • MAINTAINED BY YOUR INSTITUTION • PERSONALLY IDENTIFIABLE TO A STUDENT (DIRECTLY RELATED TO A STUDENT AND FROM WHICH A STUDENT CAN BE IDENTIFIED) • NOT ONE OF THE EXCLUDED CATEGORIES OF RECORDS… THEN, YOU HAVE AN EDUCATION RECORD AND IT IS SUBJECT TO FERPA

  11. REQUIREMENTS FOR COMPLIANCE WHAT WE MUST DO... • PROVIDE ANNUAL NOTIFICATION TO STUDENTS OF THEIR FERPA RIGHTS • PROVIDE STUDENTS’ ACCESS TO THEIR EDUCATION RECORDS

  12. REQUIREMENTS FOR COMPLIANCE A. PROVIDE ANNUAL NOTIFICATION TO STUDENTS OF THEIR RIGHT TO: 1. INSPECT AND REVIEW THEIR EDUCATION RECORDS 2. REQUEST AN AMENDMENT TO THEIR EDUCATION RECORDS 3. A HEARING IF THE REQUEST FOR AN AMENDMENT IS UNSATISFACTORY 4. REQUEST THAT THE INSTITUTION NOT DISCLOSE DIRECTORY INFORMATION ITEMS ABOUT THEM 5. FILE A COMPLAINT WITH THE U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION

  13. REQUIREMENTS FOR COMPLIANCE A.PROVIDE ANNUAL NOTIFICATION TO STUDENTS OF THEIR RIGHT TO: 6. KNOW THAT 1) SCHOOL OFFICIALS WITHIN THE INSTITUTION MAY OBTAIN INFORMATION FROM EDUCATION RECORDSWITHOUT OBTAINING PRIOR WRITTEN CONSENT, 2) THE CRITERIA FOR DETERMINING WHO WILL BE CONSIDERED SCHOOL OFFICIALS AND 3) WHAT “LEGITIMATE EDUCATIONAL INTERESTS” WILL ENTITLE SCHOOL OFFICIALS TO HAVE ACCESS TO EDUCATION RECORDS

  14. REQUIREMENTS FOR COMPLIANCE A. PROVIDE ANNUAL NOTIFICATION TO STUDENTS OF THEIR RIGHT TO: 7. KNOW WHICH INFORMATION THE INSTITUTION HAS DESIGNATED AS PUBLIC OR DIRECTORY INFORMATION.

  15. STUDENT’S NAME ADDRESS TELEPHONE NUMBER DATE/PLACE OF BIRTH MAJOR FIELDS OF STUDY PARTICIPATION IN OFFICIALLY RECOGNIZED ACTIVITIES AND SPORTS HEIGHT/WEIGHT OF ATHLETIC TEAM MEMBERS DATES OF ATTENDANCE DEGREES AND AWARDS RECEIVED MOST RECENT EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION ATTENDED OTHER SIMILAR INFORMATION AS DEFINED BY THE INSTITUTION THAT WOULD NOT NORMALLY BE CONSIDERED AN INVASION OF A STUDENT’S PRIVACY WHAT CAN DIRECTORY INFORMATION INCLUDE? DIRECTORY INFORMATION MAY INCLUDE THE FOLLOWING STUDENT INFORMATION:

  16. CLASS SCHEDULE E-MAIL ADDRESS CLASS ROSTERS PHOTOGRAPHS WHAT CAN DIRECTORY INFORMATION INCLUDE? DIRECTORY INFORMATION MAY INCLUDE THE FOLLOWING RECENT ADDITIONS TO STUDENT INFORMATION:

  17. RACE GENDER SOCIAL SECURITY NUMBER GRADES GPA COUNTRY OF CITIZENSHIP RELIGION WHAT CAN DIRECTORY INFORMATION INCLUDE? DIRECTORY INFORMATION CAN NEVER INCLUDE A STUDENT’S:

  18. NAME ADDRESS TELEPHONE NUMBER (IF LISTED) DATES OF ATTENDANCE PROGRAM PURSUED DEGREES AND AWARDS RECEIVED MOST RECENT PREVIOUS EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION ATTENDED DIRECTORY INFORMATION VILLA JULIE STYLE XYZ COLLEGE HAS DESIGNATED DIRECTORY INFORMATION, ACCORDING TO THE FAMILY EDUCATIONAL RIGHTS AND PRIVACY ACT OF 1974 TO BE THE STUDENT’S:

  19. REQUIREMENTS FOR COMPLIANCE A. PROVIDE ANNUAL NOTIFICATION TO STUDENTS OF THEIR RIGHT TO 6. KNOW THAT 1) SCHOOL OFFICIALS WITHIN THE INSTITUTION MAY OBTAIN INFORMATION FROM EDUCATION RECORDSWITHOUT OBTAINING PRIOR WRITTEN CONSENT, 2) THE CRITERIA FOR DETERMINING WHO WILL BE CONSIDERED SCHOOL OFFICIALS AND 3) WHAT “LEGITIMATE EDUCATIONAL INTERESTS” WILL ENTITLE SCHOOL OFFICIALS TO HAVE ACCESS TO EDUCATION RECORDS.

  20. “School Officials” A “SCHOOL OFFICIAL” CAN BE A PERSON: 1) EMPLOYED BY THE COLLEGE IN AN ADMINISTRATIVE, SUPERVISORY, ACADEMIC, RESEARCH, OR SUPPORT STAFF POSITION (INCLUDING LAW ENFORCEMENT AND HEALTH STAFF PERSONNEL), 2) ELECTED TO THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES, 3) OR COMPANY EMPLOYED BY OR UNDER CONTRACT TO THE COLLEGE TO PERFORM A SPECIAL TASK SUCH AS THE ATTORNEY, AUDITOR, OR COLLECTION AGENCY, 4) OR STUDENT SERVING ON AN OFFICIAL COMMITTEE, SUCH AS A DISCIPLINARY OR GRIEVANCE COMMITTEE, OR ASSISTING ANOTHER SCHOOL OFFICIAL IN PERFORMING HIS OR HER TASKS.

  21. At XYZ College, a school official is: • A person employed by the College in an administrative, supervisory, academic or research, or support staff position; • A person or company with whom the college has contracted (to perform a special task, such as the attorney, auditor, collection agent); • A person serving on the Board of Trustees; • A student serving on an official committee…, or assisting another school official in performing his or her tasks.

  22. REQUIREMENTS FOR COMPLIANCE A. PROVIDE ANNUAL NOTIFICATION TO STUDENTS OF THEIR RIGHT TO 6. KNOW THAT 1) SCHOOL OFFICIALS WITHIN THE INSTITUTION MAY OBTAIN INFORMATION FROM EDUCATION RECORDSWITHOUT OBTAINING PRIOR WRITTEN CONSENT, 2) THE CRITERIA FOR DETERMINING WHO WILL BE CONSIDERED SCHOOL OFFICIALS AND 3) WHAT “LEGITIMATE EDUCATIONAL INTERESTS” WILL ENTITLE SCHOOL OFFICIALS TO HAVE ACCESS TO EDUCATION RECORDS.

  23. “LEGITIMATE EDUCATIONAL INTEREST” • THE DEMONSTRATED NEED TO KNOW BY THOSE OFFICIALS OF AN INSTITUTION WHO ACT IN THE STUDENT’S EDUCATIONAL INTEREST, INCLUDING FACULTY, ADMINISTRATION, CLERICAL AND PROFESSIONAL EMPLOYEES, AND OTHER PERSONS WHO MANAGE STUDENT RECORD INFORMATION. • ALTHOUGH FERPA DOES NOT DEFINE “LEGITIMATE EDUCATIONAL INTEREST,” IT STATES THAT INSTITUTIONS MUST SPECIFY THE CRITERIA FOR DETERMINING IT.

  24. “LEGITIMATE EDUCATIONAL INTEREST” Time for another story

  25. REQUIREMENTS FOR COMPLIANCE • PROVIDE ANNUAL NOTIFICATION TO STUDENTS OF THEIR RIGHT TO: • PROVIDE STUDENTS ACCESS TO THEIR EDUCATION RECORDS

  26. REQUIREMENTS FOR COMPLIANCE • PROVIDE STUDENTS ACCESS TO THEIR EDUCATION RECORDS THEY HAVE THE RIGHT TO: 1) INSPECT AND REVIEW WITHIN 45 DAYS OF THE REQUEST TO INSPECT. 2) AN EXPLANATION OR INTERPRETATION FOR COMPLIANCE.

  27. REQUIREMENTS FOR COMPLIANCE • PROVIDE STUDENTS’ ACCESS TO THEIR EDUCATION RECORDS • LIMITATIONS ON THE RIGHT TO INSPECT • PARENTAL FINANCIAL INFORMATION • CONFIDENTIAL LETTERS AND RECOMMENDATIONS TO WHICH THE STUDENT HAS WAIVED HIS/HER RIGHT OF INSPECTION • EDUCATION RECORDS CONTAINING INFORMATION ABOUT MORE THAN ONE STUDENT • THE INSTITUTION MUST PERMIT ACCESS TO THAT PART OF THE RECORD WHICH PERTAINS ONLY TO THE INQUIRING STUDENT

  28. Sample Permission Letter to Write a Letter of Recommendation I give permission for Prof. Kostal to write a letter of recommendation to: Annie’s Catering 344 Willow Dr. Lynchburg VA 24502 Prof. Kostal has my permission to include my grades, GPA, and class rank in this letter. I waivedo not waive my right to review a copy of this letter at any time in the future. ________________________________________________ Signed Date

  29. PROCEDURES AND STRATEGIES FOR COMPLIANCE A. DISCLOSURE OF EDUCATION RECORD INFORMATION a. SPECIFY THE RECORDS TO BE RELEASED b. STATE THE PURPOSE OF THE DISCLOSURE c. IDENTIFY THE PARTY OR PARTIES TO WHOM DISCLOSURE MAY BE MADE d. BE SIGNED AND DATED BY THE STUDENT. 1. INSTITUTIONS SHALL OBTAIN WRITTEN CONSENT FROM STUDENTS BEFORE DISCLOSING ANY PERSONALLY IDENTIFIABLE INFORMATION FROM THEIR EDUCATION RECORDS (WITH THE EXCEPTIONS AS NOTED IN SECTIONS 2 AND 3 BELOW).

  30. PROCEDURES AND STRATEGIES FOR COMPLIANCE A. DISCLOSURE OF EDUCATION RECORD INFORMATION a. STUDENTS WHO REQUEST THE INFORMATION FROM THEIR OWN RECORDS 2. INSTITUTIONS MUST DISCLOSE EDUCATION RECORDS WITHOUT WRITTEN CONSENT OF STUDENTS TO THE FOLLOWING:

  31. PROCEDURES AND STRATEGIES FOR COMPLIANCE A. DISCLOSURE OF EDUCATION RECORD INFORMATION b. AUTHORIZED REPRESENTATIVES OF THE FOLLOWING FOR AUDIT AND EVALUATION OF FEDERAL AND STATE SUPPORTED PROGRAMS: • COMPTROLLER GENERAL OF THE UNITED STATES • THE SECRETARY OF THE UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION • STATE EDUCATIONAL AUTHORITIES 2. INSTITUTIONS MUST DISCLOSE EDUCATION RECORDS WITHOUT WRITTEN CONSENT OF STUDENTS TO THE FOLLOWING:

  32. PROCEDURES AND STRATEGIES FOR COMPLIANCE A. DISCLOSURE OF EDUCATION RECORD INFORMATION c. STATE AND LOCAL OFFICIALS TO WHOM DISCLOSURE IS REQUIRED BY STATE STATUTE ADOPTED PRIOR TO NOVEMBER 19, 1974 2. INSTITUTIONS MUST DISCLOSE EDUCATION RECORDS WITHOUT WRITTEN CONSENT OF STUDENTS TO THE FOLLOWING:

  33. PROCEDURES AND STRATEGIES FOR COMPLIANCE A. DISCLOSURE OF EDUCATION RECORD INFORMATION a. PERSONNEL WITHIN THE INSTITUTION DETERMINED BY THE INSTITUTION TO HAVE A LEGITIMATE EDUCATIONAL INTEREST b. OFFICIALS OF OTHER INSTITUTIONS IN WHICH THE STUDENT SEEKS TO ENROLL, ON CONDITION THAT THE ISSUING INSTITUTION MAKES A REASONABLE ATTEMPT TO INFORM THE STUDENT OF THE DISCLOSURE 3. INSTITUTIONS MAY DISCLOSE EDUCATION RECORDS WITHOUT WRITTEN CONSENT OF STUDENTS TO THE FOLLOWING:

  34. PROCEDURES AND STRATEGIES FOR COMPLIANCE A. DISCLOSURE OF EDUCATION RECORD INFORMATION c. PERSONS OR ORGANIZATIONS PROVIDING TO THE STUDENT FINANCIAL AID, OR DETERMINING FINANCIAL AID DECISIONS d. ORGANIZATIONS CONDUCTING STUDIES TO DEVELOP, VALIDATE, AND ADMINISTER PREDICTIVE TESTS, TO ADMINISTER STUDENT AID PROGRAMS, OR TO IMPROVE INSTRUCTION 3. INSTITUTIONS MAY DISCLOSE EDUCATION RECORDS WITHOUT WRITTEN CONSENT OF STUDENTS TO THE FOLLOWING:

  35. PROCEDURES AND STRATEGIES FOR COMPLIANCE A. DISCLOSURE OF EDUCATION RECORD INFORMATION e. ACCREDITING ORGANIZATIONS CARRYING OUT THEIR ACCREDITING FUNCTIONS f. PARENTS OF A STUDENT WHO HAVE ESTABLISHED THAT STUDENT'S STATUS AS A DEPENDENT--IRS CODE OF 1986, SECTION 152 3. INSTITUTIONS MAY DISCLOSE EDUCATION RECORDS WITHOUT WRITTEN CONSENT OF STUDENTS TO THE FOLLOWING:

  36. PROCEDURES AND STRATEGIES FOR COMPLIANCE A. DISCLOSURE OF EDUCATION RECORD INFORMATION g. PERSONS IN COMPLIANCE WITH A JUDICIAL ORDER OR A LAWFULLY ISSUED SUBPOENA, PROVIDED THAT THE INSTITUTION FIRST MAKE A REASONABLE ATTEMPT TO NOTIFY THE STUDENT UNLESS THE SUBPOENA IS ISSUED FROM A FEDERAL GRAND JURY, OR IS ISSUED FOR A LAW ENFORCEMENT PURPOSE, AND ORDERS THE INSTITUTION NOT TO NOTIFY THE STUDENT. 3. INSTITUTIONS MAY DISCLOSE EDUCATION RECORDS WITHOUT WRITTEN CONSENT OF STUDENTS TO THE FOLLOWING:

  37. PROCEDURES AND STRATEGIES FOR COMPLIANCE A. DISCLOSURE OF EDUCATION RECORD INFORMATION h. PERSONS IN AN EMERGENCY, IF THE KNOWLEDGE OF INFORMATION, IN FACT, IS NECESSARY TO PROTECT THE HEALTH OR SAFETY OF THE STUDENT OR OTHER PERSONS 3. INSTITUTIONS MAY DISCLOSE EDUCATION RECORDS WITHOUT WRITTEN CONSENT OF STUDENTS TO THE FOLLOWING:

  38. PROCEDURES AND STRATEGIES FOR COMPLIANCE A. DISCLOSURE OF EDUCATION RECORD INFORMATION i. AN ALLEGED VICTIM OF ANY CRIME OF VIOLENCE OF THE RESULTS OF ANY INSTITUTIONAL DISCIPLINARY PROCEEDING AGAINST THE ALLEGED PERPETRATOR OF THAT CRIME WITH RESPECT TO THAT CRIME. 3. INSTITUTIONS MAY DISCLOSE EDUCATION RECORDS WITHOUT WRITTEN CONSENT OF STUDENTS TO THE FOLLOWING:

  39. PROCEDURES AND STRATEGIES FOR COMPLIANCE A. DISCLOSURE OF EDUCATION RECORD INFORMATION a. BY OBTAINING THE STUDENT’S WRITTEN CONSENT b. BY HAVING THE PARENTS ESTABLISH THE STUDENT’S DEPENDENCY AS DEFINED BY INTERNAL REVENUE CODE OF 1986, SECTION 152 4. INSTITUTIONS MAY DISCLOSE INFORMATION ABOUT STUDENTS TO THEIR PARENTS BY EITHER OF TWO PROCEDURES:

  40. KEY CONCEPTS • Required annual notification • Written permission of student required to disclose • The exceptions to written permission • Student's right to access their records • The "musts" and "mays" in FERPA • Parents/parental disclosure • Legitimate Educational Interest

  41. KEY TERMS • Education Record • Directory Information • School Official • Personally Identifiable • Eligible Student

  42. Family Policy Compliance OfficeLeroy Rooker, DirectorU.S. Dept. of Education400 Maryland Ave., SWWashington,D.C. 20202-4605 (202) 260-9002 (fax)ferpa@ed.govwww.ed.gov/offices/OM/FPCO.html Richard Rainsberger Coordinator, Admissions and Records Central Virginia Community College 3506 Wards Rd. Lynchburg VA 24502 (804) 832-7630 (804) 386-4680 (fax) rainsbergerd@cv.cc.va.us

  43. Now... How about some questions?

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