What is an Integrated Mosquito Management Program?

1. What is an Integrated Mosquito Management Program? Janet McAllister Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Center for Zoonotic Vector-borne and Enteric Diseases Fort Collins, CO "The findings and conclusions in this presentation are those of the author and do not necessarily represent the views of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention."

2. Who does mosquito control? • State Boards and Commissions • Local Departments of Health/Environment • County Mosquito Boards (independent taxing districts) • Individual Cities/Townships • Neighborhood Associations • Pest Management Professionals • Private Contractors • The bigger the area covered the more effective the program.

3. Spray Program Relies mainly on use of chemicals. May have limited surveillance Control Program Uses Integrated Mosquito Management of which there are 8-9 components Sliding scale of programs

4. Integrated Pest Management Optimization of pest control in an economically and ecologically sound manner - Apple, 1979

5. IPM Optimization This is accomplished by using multiple tactics in a compatible manner to maintain pest populations at an acceptable level while providing protection against hazards to humans, animals, plants and the environment – Metcalf & Luckmann, 1982

6. Integrated Mosquito Management Public Education and Community Outreach Resistance Monitoring Physical Control Biological Control Chemical Control LegalActions Disease Surveillance Mapping Mosquito Sampling and Surveillance

7. Mosquito Sampling and Surveillance

8. Mosquito Sampling and Surveillance Allows you to decide when and where to treat for the best control based on thresholds. Thresholds can vary depending the species or the level of disease causing organisms present in a area. Method of surveillance conducted is driven by the biology of the local species.

9. Integrated Mosquito Management Public Education and Community Outreach Resistance Monitoring Physical Control Biological Control Chemical Control Legal Actions Disease Surveillance Mapping Mosquito Sampling and Surveillance

10. Food, Space, Breeding sites Weather and Climate Vertebrate Host Predators and Pathogens Virus Virus Vector Weather and Climate Food, Space, Breeding sites Adults Eggs Terrestrial Aquatic Pupae Incidental hosts Larvae Arbovirus Transmission Cycle

11. Disease Surveillance • Birds • Sentinel Chickens • Dead birds (public reported) • Wild birds live-captured • Mosquito pools • Horses • Humans • Sentinel hospitals • Suspect cases

12. Integrated Mosquito Management Public Education and Community Outreach Resistance Monitoring Physical Control Biological Control Chemical Control Legal Actions Disease Surveillance Mapping Mosquito Sampling and Surveillance

13. Mapping = Data Management • Can be as low tech as maps on the wall • Using GPS and GIS allows for data management and analysis as well as creates good records.

14. GPS can be used to regulate pesticide flow and to monitor insecticide applications

15. GIS: Capturing Data • Maps can be scaned, digitized or hand-traced with a computer mouse to collect the coordinates of features • Site coordinates can be downloaded from GPS units Aerial View of Suburban Density Catch Basin Mapping* * Vector control response to a West Nile virus epidemic in OhioTerry Allan . Fourth National Conference on West Nile Virus in the United StatesNew Orleans, Louisiana, February 9-11, 2003

16. GIS: Data Modeling • A larval density map may be related to a vegetation cover map to identify suitable breeding sites for a mosquito vector

17. Graphics may be produced on the screen or on paper to make decisions about treatments and resources allocations Wall maps and other graphics allow the viewer to visualize and understand the results of analyses or simulations of potential events GIS: Data Output

18. Integrated Mosquito Management Public Education and Community Outreach Resistance Monitoring Physical Control Biological Control Chemical Control Legal Actions Disease Surveillance Mapping Mosquito Sampling and Surveillance

19. Physical Control = Source Reduction • Any method of physically altering mosquito breeding sites to render it unsatisfactory for completion of mosquito life cycle • Physical Control ≠ permanent Control

20. Water Management • Impoundment management

21. Water Management • Storm water retention structure management • Local/State guidelines may or may not cover mosquito production

22. Sanitation • Removal of water holding containers

23. Sanitation • Maintenance and repair

24. Water Management • Filling of low-lying depressions

25. Water Management • Ditching

26. Integrated Mosquito Management Public Education and Community Outreach Resistance Monitoring Physical Control Biological Control Chemical Control Legal Actions Disease Surveillance Mapping Mosquito Sampling and Surveillance

27. Biological Control - Definition • The reduction of an insect pest population by natural enemies. • The process usually involves an active human role. • Natural Control – Reduction of an insect pest population by naturally occurring organisms and environmental factors without human input.

28. Biological Control Agents • Predators- organisms that consume insect pests • Parasites- organisms whose immature stages develop in or on an insect pest, thus killing the pest • Pathogens- disease causing organisms such as bacteria, fungi and viruses.

29. Augmentation • Most effective on aquatic mosquito life stages, i.e. egg, larva, pupa. • Discrete water body habitats. • Aquatic enemies easier to collect and produce. • Better residual effect. • Better operational use - rear or collect, and transport and distribute at reasonable cost.

30. Biological Control Agents • Predator Fish – any top minnow • Bacillus thuringiensis israelenisis, B.t.i. • Bacillus sphericus • Copopods

31. Integrated Mosquito Management Public Education and Community Outreach Resistance Monitoring Physical Control Biological Control Chemical Control Legal Actions Disease Surveillance Mapping Mosquito Sampling and Surveillance

32. Chemical Control Strategies for the chemical control for mosquitoes are almost 1800 opposite from those in agriculture.

33. Chemical Control Considerations • Treating “air” space with little deposit of material and rapid breakdown. • Applications require some wind to be present • Very small droplets are needed

34. Chemical Control Considerations • Applications are higher than 75 ft (helicopter) or 150 ft (fixed wing) • Aerial applicators must have special equipment and file congested area flight plans

35. Adulticides: Organophosphates Naled Malathion Pyrethroids Permethrin Pyrethrum d-phenothrin (Sumethrin) Resmethrin Larvacides: Biologicals Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (B.t.i.) Bacillus sphaericus Insect Growth Regulators methoprene Oils Monomolecular films Organophosphate Temophos Mosquitocides Available for MADs in the US

36. Other products available but not in common use • Organophosphates • Chlorpyrifos (Aerial and ground ULV) • Pyrethroids • Deltamethrin (indoor - general pest label) • Bifentrhrin (outdoor - general pest label) • Lambda cyhalothrin (bednets, indoor and outdoor- general pest label)

37. Areawide Mosquito Adulticides

38. Integrated Mosquito Management Public Education and Community Outreach Resistance Monitoring Physical Control Biological Control Chemical Control Legal Actions Disease Surveillance Mapping Mosquito Sampling and Surveillance

39. Resistance Issues • What is it? • When will it arrive? • Once it’s here that’s it for that chemical/class. • How do I know I have it? • What do I do? • What roles do outside forces play in selection for resistance? • Where do I go for help?

40. Traditional Definition • “Insecticide resistance” describes the ability of strains of insects to survive “normally” lethal doses of insecticide, the ability having resulted from selection of tolerant individuals in populations exposed to the toxicant for several generations. • The time to act is before resistance reaches this level.

41. Improved Definition • Insecticide Resistance is a genetic change in response to selection by toxicants that may impair control in the field. (Sawicki, 1987)

42. Spray a population

43. Survivor with “something special”

44. Offspring of the survivor

45. Spray again - more survivors

46. More resistance in population

47. More resistance in population

48. Cross-resistance results from a common detoxification system or from target-site insensitivity. Multiple-resistance extends to a variety of classes of insecticides with differing modes of action and different detoxification pathways.

49. How to develop Insecticide Resistance in Vectors • single class of insecticide • long-residual action • slow-release formulation • apply to all life states, all generations • treat all habitat where pest occurs

50. Cross-Resistance Relationships Carbamates Ache Organophosphates Esterases Pyrethroids Oxidases KDR DDT IGRs