Chapter 35

1. Chapter 35 Plant Structure, Growth, and Development

2. Overview: No two Plants Are Alike • To some people, the fanwort is an intrusive weed, but to others it is an attractive aquarium plant • This plant exhibits plasticity, the ability to alter itself in response to its environment

4. In addition to plasticity, plant species have by natural selection accumulated characteristics of morphology that vary little within the species

5. Concept 35.1: The plant body has a hierarchy of organs, tissues, and cells • Plants, like multicellular animals, have organs composed of different tissues, which are in turn are composed of cells

6. The Three Basic Plant Organs: Roots, Stems, and Leaves • Basic morphology of vascular plants reflects their evolution as organisms that draw nutrients from below-ground and above-ground

7. Three basic organs evolved: roots, stems, and leaves • They are organized into a root system and a shoot system

8. LE 35-2 Reproductive shoot (flower) Terminal bud Node Internode Terminal bud Shoot system Vegetable shoot Blade Leaf Petiole Axillary bud Stem Taproot Lateral roots Root system

9. Roots • Functions of roots: • Anchoring the plant • Absorbing minerals and water • Often storing organic nutrients

10. In most plants, absorption of water and minerals occurs near the root tips, where vast numbers of tiny root hairs increase the surface area

12. Many plants have modified roots

13. LE 35-4a Prop roots.

14. LE 35-4b Storage roots.

15. LE 35-4c “Strangling” aerial roots.

16. LE 35-4d Buttress roots.

17. LE 35-4e Pneumatophores.

18. Stems • A stem is an organ consisting of • An alternating system of nodes, the points at which leaves are attached • Internodes, the stem segments between nodes

19. An axillary bud is a structure that has the potential to form a lateral shoot, or branch • A terminal bud is located near the shoot tip and causes elongation of a young shoot

20. Many plants have modified stems

21. LE 35-5a Stolons.

22. LE 35-5b Storage leaves Stem Roots Bulbs.

23. LE 35-5c Tubers.

24. LE 35-5d Rhizomes. Node Rhizome Root

25. Leaves • The leaf is the main photosynthetic organ of most vascular plants

26. Leaves generally consist of • A flattened blade and a stalk • The petiole, which joins the leaf to a node of the stem

27. Monocots and eudicots differ in the arrangement of veins, the vascular tissue of leaves • Most monocots have parallel veins • Most eudicots have branching veins

28. In classifying angiosperms, taxonomists may use leaf morphology as a criterion

29. LE 35-6a Simple leaf Petiole Axillary bud

30. LE 35-6b Leaflet Compound leaf Petiole Axillary bud

31. LE 35-6c Doubly compound leaf Leaflet Petiole Axillary bud

32. Some plant species have evolved modified leaves that serve various functions

33. LE 35-7a Tendrils.

34. LE 35-7b Spines.

35. LE 35-7c Storage leaves.

36. LE 35-7d Bracts.

37. LE 35-7e Reproductive leaves.

38. The Three Tissue Systems: Dermal, Vascular, and Ground • Each plant organ has dermal, vascular, and ground tissues

39. LE 35-8 Dermal tissue Ground tissue Vascular tissue

40. In nonwoody plants, the dermal tissue system consists of the epidermis • In woody plants, protective tissues called periderm replace the epidermis in older regions of stems and roots

41. The vascular tissue system carries out long-distance transport of materials between roots and shoots • The two vascular tissues are xylem and phloem

42. Xylem conveys water and dissolved minerals upward from roots into the shoots • Phloem transports organic nutrients from where they are made to where they are needed

43. The vascular tissue of a stem or root is collectively called the stele • In angiosperms the stele of the root is a solid central vascular cylinder • The stele of stems and leaves is divided into vascular bundles, strands of xylem and phloem

44. Tissues that are neither dermal nor vascular are the ground tissue system • Ground tissue includes cells specialized for storage, photosynthesis, and support

45. Common Types of Plant Cells • Like any multicellular organism, a plant is characterized by cellular differentiation, the specialization of cells in structure and function

46. Some major types of plant cells: • Parenchyma • Collenchyma • Sclerenchyma • Water-conducting cells of the xylem • Sugar-conducting cells of the phloem

47. LE 35-9 WATER-CONDUCTING CELLS OF THE XYLEM PARENCHYMA CELLS 100 µm Tracheids Vessel Parenchyma cells in Elodea leaf, with chloroplasts (LM) 60 µm Pits COLLENCHYMA CELLS Cortical parenchyma cells Tracheids and vessels (colorized SEM) 80 µm Vessel element Vessel elements with perforated end walls Tracheids SUGAR-CONDUCTING CELLS OF THE PHLOEM Collenchyma cells (in cortex of Sambucus, elderberry; cell walls stained red) (LM) Sieve-tube members: longitudinal view (LM) SCLERENCHYMA CELLS 5 µm Companion cell Sclereid cells in pear (LM) Sieve-tube member 25 µm Plasmodesma Sieve plate Cell wall Nucleus Cytoplasm Companion cell 30 µm 15 µm Fiber cells (transverse section from ash tree) (LM) Sieve-tube members: longitudinal view Sieve plate with pores (LM)

48. Concept 35.2: Meristems generate cells for new organs • Apical meristems are located at the tips of roots and in the buds of shoots • Apical meristems elongate shoots and roots, a process called primary growth

49. Lateral meristems add thickness to woody plants, a process called secondary growth • There are two lateral meristems: the vascular cambium and the cork cambium • The vascular cambium adds layers of vascular tissue called secondary xylem (wood) and secondary phloem • The cork cambium replaces the epidermis with periderm, which is thicker and tougher

50. LE 35-10 Primary growth in stems Shoot apical meristems (in buds) Epidermis Cortex Primary phloem Primary xylem Vascular cambium Lateral meristems Pith Cork cambium Secondary growth in stems Periderm Cork cambium Pith Cortex Primary xylem Primary phloem Secondary xylem Root apical meristems Secondary phloem Vascular cambium