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KINETIC THEORY OF MATTER

KINETIC THEORY OF MATTER. . What is matter?. Matter. Anything that has mass and takes up space. m ixture Composed of two or more substances, but each keeps its original properties. . Kinetic Theory of Matter…. All matter is made up of particles

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KINETIC THEORY OF MATTER

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  1. KINETIC THEORY OF MATTER .

  2. What is matter?

  3. Matter • Anything that has mass and takes up space

  4. mixture Composed of two or more substances, but each keeps its original properties. Kinetic Theory of Matter… • All matter is made up of particles • Different substances have different sized particles • Particles are always moving - move faster at higher temperatures • Particles are held together by bonds that vary in strength

  5. States o Matter States of Matter

  6. States of Matter • Which state(s) have a definite shape? • Which state(s) have a definite volume? • Which state(s) are able to be compressed? • Which state(s) can flow? • Which state(s) have particles which move?

  7. Pure Substances Mixtures Elements Compounds Homogeneous Mixtures Heterogeneous Mixtures Classifying Matter Matter 6

  8. Pure Substances and Mixtures Most atoms are combined with others in nature. PHASE CHANGE CH3CH2OH (l)  CH3CH2OH (g) CHEMICAL CHANGE CH3CH2OH + 3 O2 2 CO2 + 3 H2O

  9. Mixtures are: Homogenous OR Heterogeneous (the same throughout) (vary throughout) Pure water - H2O molecules. Salt - NaCl molecules. A ruby stone - Al2O3 molecules. Carbon (in the tip of your pencil) Gold is made only of atoms of Gold. Pure substances are either: Elements OR Compounds • cereal with milk • salad • trail mix • sand • cement • milk • steel (iron and carbon) • fog

  10. …can be broken down into molecules. Examples: Pure water consists only of H2O molecules. Salt consists only of NaCl molecules. A ruby stone consists of Al2O3 molecules. …can be broken down into atoms Examples: Carbon (in the tip of your pencil) is made solely of carbon atoms. Gold is made only of atoms of Gold. Classifying Matter Pure Substances Compounds Elements

  11. Models of Matter Mixtures • Heterogeneous mixtures • different particles are large enough to be seen or felt. • Homogeneous mixtures • very well mixed • looks and feels like one substance • (Solutions are homogeneous mixtures) • Examples: • milk • steel (iron and carbon) • fog • Examples: • cereal with milk • salad • trail mix • sand • cement 9

  12. Elements- • Consist of only 1 type of atom Example: oxygen O O O O O O O O Oxygen Atom Element O O O O O

  13. Molecule- • A group of two or more atoms linked together by a bond Examples: oxygen water O O O H H

  14. Compound- • A group of two or more DIFFERENT atoms linked together by a bond Examples: water salt O Na Cl H H

  15. Compounds can be broken down into molecules Water is a compound O O O O O O O Single water molecule H H H H H H H H H H H H H H

  16. PRACTISE Practise Identify each of the following substances as either an element, compound, solution or mixture: Sodium bromide (solid white granules) An aqueous mixture of bluestone (copper sulfate) Sulphur (a yellow powder) Iodine and alcohol (a brown liquid) Sand and sea salt (silicon dioxide and sodium chloride) Water Air sugar

  17. PRACTISE Practise Each shape below represents an atom of a particular element. a) State whether each is a representation of a group of atoms or a group of molecules. b) State whether the diagram represents an element, a compound, or a mixture.

  18. Write a definition for the following words: • Pure substance • Mixture • Atom • Element • Molecule • Compound

  19. Mixture-Composed of two or more substances, but each keeps its original properties. A mixture can be physically separated into pure compounds or elements • A pure compound has a constant composition with fixed ratios of elements.

  20. Mixtures HOMOGENEOUS MIXTURES HETEROGENEOUS MIXTURES A heterogeneous mixture consists of visibly different substances or phases. The three phases or states of matter are gas, liquid, and solid. • The prefixes "homo"- indicate sameness. • A homogeneous mixture has the same uniform appearance and composition throughout.

  21. Changes in states of matter • Substances change state when energy or heat is added to them • Heat gives the particles more kinetic energy causing them to expand

  22. Changes in states of matter • Melting Point • Freezing Point • Boiling Point • Condensation Point

  23. Physical vs. Chemical Changes In a physical change, the substance involved remains the same substance, even though it may change state or form. In a chemical change, the original substance is changed into one or more different substances that have different properties.

  24. Chemical or Physical? Example: A burning candle • Physical: • solid becomes liquid • liquid becomes solid • Chemical: • Wax vapour becomes carbon dioxide, water and energy How can we tell that a chemical change had occurred?

  25. A new colour appears • Bubbles of gas are formed • A solid material (called a precipitate) forms in a liquid The following are clues that a chemical change has happened: • Heat or light is given off • The change is difficult to reverse 3

  26. boiling water • rusting bicycle • spoiling food • melting ice cream • sawing wood • fireworks exploding • glass breaking • burning toast More examples Physical Change Chemical Change • tarnishing silver • tearing clothes • crumpling paper • bleaching your hair 4

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