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Civil Rights

Civil Rights. The Fight for Equality. Existing Amendments. 1860’s: 13 th – outlawed slavery 14 th – gave former slaves citizens 15 th – allowed all MEN the right to vote. Early Civil Rights Leaders 1890’s – 1920’s. Booker T. Washington head of Tuskegee Institute (college for blacks)

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Civil Rights

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  1. Civil Rights The Fight for Equality

  2. Existing Amendments • 1860’s: • 13th – outlawed slavery • 14th – gave former slaves citizens • 15th – allowed all MEN the right to vote

  3. Early Civil Rights Leaders1890’s – 1920’s • Booker T. Washington • head of Tuskegee Institute (college for blacks) • “Atlanta Exposition” – give blacks a chance to work, live separately & they won’t ask for the right to vote • W.E.B. Dubois • worked right along side with Washington • Father of “Pan-Africanism” (across the globe unity of all Africans) • Marcus Garvey • Back-to-Africa Movement – redeem Africa for blacks & kick out the Europeans

  4. Jim Crow Laws • laws that enforced segregation • 14thamendment applied ONLY to government, not private individuals & businesses • stay in different hotels, sit in separate theater • sections, ride in separaterailcars • de facto segregation – practice ofsegregation • supported by custom & usage

  5. Brown vs. Board of Education • U.S. Supreme Court Case • NAACP (North Association for the Advancement of Colored People) vs. Board of Education of Topeka, KS • Thurgood Marshall (NAACP Attorney) defended Linda Brown & family • Linda Brown bussed to “colored” school even though she lived next to an all white school • U.S. Supreme Court, under Chief Justice Earl Warren, ruled that segregation in public schools was illegal & overturned Plessy vs. Ferguson • No longer SEPARATE but Equal

  6. Little Rock • the school board in Little Rock, AK decided to integrate one high school & select 9 outstanding black students, Little Rock Nine • many white residents tried to stop the integration plan, supported by AK Governor, Orval Faubus • he called on the National Guard to prevent Little Rock Nine from entering • President Eisenhower sent federal troops to enforce desegregation • this was the beginning of desegregation in ALL schools

  7. the Montgomery Bus Boycott • NAACP worked to desegregate public transportation in Montgomery, AL • whites sat in front, blacks sat in back or stood • Campaign to get blacks to boycott city bus system • Rosa Parks • refused to give up her seat to a white person; she was arrested • Martin Luther King – leader of campaign; this started his popularity

  8. the Montgomery Bus Boycott (contd.) • 70% of bus passengers, black  city losing $$$ • carpool system to replace buses • boycott lasted for months • Supreme Court ruled segregated busses illegal • MLK was now an important new leader to the black community

  9. Sit-ins • demonstration in which protesters sit down in a location & • refuse to leave • non-violent resistance • Woolworth’s – a dept. store with a segregated lunch counter • - black students sat down at the “whites only” section • - waitress refused to serve them; sat there all day; - next day more black students came • soon because of media coverage, Woolworth integrated lunch counter • new type of protest spread • SNCC (Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee) created • to organize these types of student events

  10. the Freedom Rides • Bus stations, outside of Alabama, still segregated facilities (bathrooms, etc.) • CORE (Congress of Racial Equality) organized this to pressure the Supreme Court • black & white students went to the opposite facilities to protest • white mobs attacked the busses (fire bombs, clubs, etc.) • CORE called off protest, SNCC picked it up • Robert Kennedy (attorney general) eventually sent in fed. marshals to protect the riders • Kennedy fearing people’s deaths, banned segregation in interstate bus terminals

  11. Martin Luther King Jr. • most famous leader of Civil Rights & a Baptist minister who practiced nonviolence • most famous speech – “I Have a Dream” Speech • spoke of MLK’s desire for a future where blacks & whites could coexist harmoniously as equals • speech given during the March on Washington • assassinated in 1968 “Violence… seeks to annihilate rather than convert… nonviolence is a powerful and just weapon… which cuts without wounding and ennobles the man who wields it.”

  12. Malcolm X • a leader in the Nation of Islam • argued that blacks should work for social & economic independence rather than integration = black separatism • his thinking: blacks had the right to protect themselves (“You hit me, I’ll hit you back”) • left Nation of Islam after visiting Mecca, 3 members then killed him • inspired the Black Power movement

  13. Malcolm X Martin Luther King Jr.

  14. Protest Movement • African Americans, Native Americans, women, farm workers, Hispanic Americans • resist by marches, sit-ins, picketing, etc.

  15. Hispanic Americans • people from: Mexico, Puerto Rico, Cuba, countries from Latin America, & Caribbean islands • encouraged by black civil rights movement, started their own • most famous leader – Cesar Chavez, believed in nonviolence • fought to improve economic opportunities for Hispanics & migrant farm workers • inspired the Chicano movement

  16. Women’s Movement • focused on work place inequality (ex. salary & fewer job opportunities) • in response, Equal Pay Act – required employers to pay the same for the same job • the Feminine Mystique – by Betty Friedan, attacked notion of women having to be domesticated  helped launch the idea of the modern women

  17. American Indians • sought to control their original homelands & their right to self-govern • the “Red Power” movement fought for rights & properties back from the U.S. govt.

  18. Disabled People • fought for the right of access – buildings & opportunities • drew public attention to problems facing people with disabilities • Success! • outlawed discrimination • required public schools to provide a quality education to children with disabilities

  19. Civil Rights Laws… SUCCESS! • Civil Rights Act of 1964 • banning segregation in public facilities • prohibited discrimination b y employers, unions, or universities on the basis of color, sex, religion, & national origin • 24th Amendment • prohibits use of poll tax (paying to vote) for federal elections

  20. Civil Rights Laws (contd.) • Voting Act of 1965 • gave fed. govt. the power to inspect voter registration procedures to protect black’s rights • Equal Rights Amendments • makes it unlawful for employers to discriminated between men & women in terms of their pay & conditions where they are doing the same or similar work

  21. Results of Civil Rights • busing – transporting student to schools outside their neighborhoods to achieve racial balance • affirmative action – practice of giving special consideration to non-whites or women to make up for past discrimination • Is this fair???

  22. Assassinations during Civil Rights • John F. Kennedy – President; 1963; Dallas, TX; shot in a motorcade; by Lee Harvey Oswald??? • Robert Kennedy – Presidential Candidate; 1968; L.A, CA.; shot during convention; by Sirhan Sirhan • MLK – Civil Rights activist; 1968; Memphis, TN; shot outside his hotel; by James Earl Ray • Malcolm X – Civil Rights activist; 1965; NY, NY; shot after speech; by Nation of Islam members

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