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### Understanding Population Dynamics: Trends, Challenges, and Impacts on Society ###

This comprehensive guide explores key concepts in demography, particularly focusing on the Baby Boom generation and its ripple effects on social institutions. We delve into the factors influencing population changes, including natural increase, net migration, and the challenges posed by rising dependency loads. The document also discusses the impacts of declining birth rates and the importance of immigration in maintaining population levels. From the materialism of Generation X to the influence of counterculture and the sexual revolution, discover how historical trends shape modern demographics and societal norms. ###

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### Understanding Population Dynamics: Trends, Challenges, and Impacts on Society ###

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Presentation Transcript

  1. Tues July 8 Ms. King • Work on article assignment and have discussion • Population powerpoint and activities • Baby Crash video/ worksheet • Childfree by choice

  2. Unit 2: Challenges and Changes in Population HSB4U

  3. Agenda • Demography • Population Concepts • Calculating Change • Migration

  4. Generations @ a Glance • If we think of the baby-boom as a ripple-effect in water (second wave is an echo of the first), how do subsequent generations affect our social institutions? • This population trend will taper off, but when becomes the question – what other factors contribute to population?

  5. Generation X 1960-1966 • Grew up with Materialism – way of life that revolves around material possessions • How would you describe your upbringing? What major factors affected your generation growing up?

  6. Cause of the Baby Boom • World War II – returning soldiers took wives – marriage was the norm • Sex outside of marriage was frowned upon/condemned in this era • Increased immigration – increased promise from “old land”

  7. Before: After: Levvittown - Suburbia What were the motivations to “settle down”?

  8. Counterculture • Counterculture – young people express values that conflict with society’s norms • 1960’s saw counterculture with protests, rebellion, and change in music (Beatles, Led Zeppelin (70’s)) • Political activism was popular with young people

  9. Sexual Revolution • Children born to unmarried mothers rose 5% between 1960-1970 • “The Pill” – birth control – contributed to the collapse of the Baby boom • How do current “norms” of society reflect sex? Single mothers?

  10. Impacts of the Baby Boom • Dependency Load – portion of the population that is dependent – not actively employed • How will this impact society and social institutions? Will Baby-boom burden you? • Seniors in Canada: • 1991: 65+ = 3.2 million (12%) • 2011: 65+ = 4.9 million (14%) • 2021: 65+ = 6.6 million (18%) • 2031: 65+ = 8.3 million (22%)

  11. How Population Changes • Can increase/decrease as a result of two factors: • 1. Natural increase/decrease – babies born is greater than the number of people dying vice versa. • 2. Net migration – observes the immigration vs. emigration trends End of WW1 important effect on demography- rise in immigration- most from war-torn Europe- more than 2 million people came to start a life- gave top priority to Britain and the Commonwealth- Europeans, Americans

  12. StatsCan, 2006

  13. Kenya 2012 • What does this mean? What are the impacts on society?

  14. Demography • Why is demography useful? • 1946: Dr. Benjamin Spock – “respect children as they are human beings who deserve respect” – Did/Does this mentality “corrupt” youth? • Why I can never retire….

  15. Demography • The study of populations • This field explores and evaluates trends • Research data is used to study population growth patterns, forecasting and making recommendations

  16. Demography • Each field uses the information in different ways

  17. Social Scientists • Look at the changes in population in different ways • Anthropologists: Study connection between in culture and trends • Sociologists: Study how trends relate to institutions and citizens • Psychologists: Study how the changes relate to the individual

  18. The Changing Population • Natural increase: When births exceed deaths • Natural Decrease: When deaths exceed births BIRTHS DEATHS DEATHS BIRTHS

  19. The Changing Population • Net Migration: The total amount of movement in and out of the country • Immigration: When people move into Canada • Emigration: When people move out of Canada

  20. Applying the Terms Source: Statistics Canada, http://www.statcan.gc.ca/daily-quotidien/110928/dq 110928a -eng.htm

  21. Calculating the Population Births – Deaths = Natural Increase (Natural Decrease)

  22. Calculating the Population Immigration - Emigration =Net Migration

  23. Calculating the Population Natural Increase (Decrease) + Net Migration =Population Change

  24. Calculations

  25. Migration Immigration • When people move into Canada • Assists in matching the declining birth rate • Brings new cultures and skills to the country

  26. Migration Emigration • When people move out of Canada • The majority of Canadian’s abroad are in the United States • The United Kingdom is second

  27. Migration

  28. Childlessness in Canada

  29. Economic Impact • Declining birthrate means less young people to supplement the labour market • Issues for the pension plan • More need for housing and care for the elderly • Canada needs Immigration to maintain its population

  30. Increasing Naturally • Replacement level is the number of births needed to maintain a stable population • Fertility refers to actual reproduction • Fertility rate is the actual number of births per woman

  31. Replacement Level • Canada’s replacement level is 2.1

  32. Interesting Note • No G8 country has managed to get to a replacement level of 2.1 (the target for a developed nation) • Canada, United States, United Kingdom, Japan, Germany, France, Italy (and Russia) Sociological view might look at the connection of wealth to fertility and desire to have children.

  33. Fertility • Women 30-34 had the highest fertility rate in 2006 • Surpassed women 25-29 for the first time • Confirms decision to delay childbirth Canada's fertility rate at 10-year high: StatsCan. (2008).CBC News Online. Retrieved from http://www.cbc.ca/news/health/story/2008/09/26/fertility-rate.html

  34. http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/91-209-x/2013001/article/11784/c-g/fig02-eng.htmhttp://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/91-209-x/2013001/article/11784/c-g/fig02-eng.htm

  35. Fecundity • Fecundity is the ability to reproduce • A woman is fecund if she has the potential to bear offspring • Affected by diet and health • The opposite of fecundity is being sterile (unable to naturally produce children)

  36. Fertility, Fecundity and Culture • Culture influences: • Health (diet can effect fecundity, maternal health, menarche) • Beliefs about child rearing • Desire to have children • Number of children wanted

  37. Baby Crash • Complete worksheet and hand in

  38. The Child Free Choice

  39. Voluntary Childlessness • Voluntary childlessness is when people choose not to have children • They are fecund (able to have children) • The number of people in Canada that intend to stay childfree has remained constant • Results in stereotyping and misunderstanding • People must justify the choice to not have children

  40. Involuntary Childlessness

  41. Involuntary Childlessness • People that want children but are unable to conceive for different reasons • Infertility: being unable to have children naturally; absence of actual reproduction • Cannot find a suitable mate • Cultural Issues • Infertility of mate

  42. Infertility • A couple must have been trying to conceive for over a year without success • Several factors can contribute to infertility • STI’s, illness, age • Estrogen levels in water systems • Chemicals such as BPA’s • Can lead to emotional distress

  43. Assisted Child Rearing • Infertility can be assisted • Adoption • Reproductive technologies • IUI, AID, IVF, GIFT • Surrogacy

  44. Adoption • Does not change the population since the births are already recorded • Alters who demographers/census counts as the family • Changes who is legally responsible for the child/youth

  45. Adoption • Some facts from the Adoption Council of Canada (adoption.ca) • Public (foster care): $0 - $3,000 • Licensed Private Agency: $10,000 - $20,000 • International: $20,000 - $30,000 • Approx. 30,000 children available for adoption

  46. Article Analysis • Read Childfree by Choice • Answer Questions: • What percentage of 20-34 year olds intend to remain childfree? Is it very different for men and women? • What role does religion, education and income have in the decision? • Do we still live in a “kidcentric” society?

  47. Reproductive Technologies

  48. Psychological Impact • Emotional Devastation • Shock of being infertile • Feelings of • Guilt: letting others down • Sadness: dreams not fulfilled, mourning loss • Loss of control: life plan changes • Anger: at self and others • Isolation: private grief

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