Concept: Individuals – Groups - Institutions

1. SS8H5aExplain the establishment of the University of Georgia, Louisville, and the spread of Baptist and Methodist churches. Concept: Individuals – Groups - Institutions

3. UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA Established on January 27, 1785 Georgia’s legislature (General Assembly) set aside 40,000 acres of land for UGA. Abraham Baldwin was selected to write the charter for the university-1st President of UGA The original land grant was sold and the school was built in 1801 in Athens on land donated by Gov. John Milledge The first college in UGA was Franklin College-1806 UGA was the first public land grant university in American history

4. LOUISVILLE, GEORGIA Georgia has had five capital cities (SALMA) Savannah, Augusta, Louisville, Milledgeville, Atlanta Savannah was the first capital because it was the 1st permanent settlement in Georgia. Augusta became the 2nd capital but it was located too far east. So, in 1786, the Georgia legislature decided to build a new city that would serve as the 3rd capital of Georgia and would be centrally located for citizens to travel there. State legislature hoped that the town would also serve as a trading center due to its location on the Ogeechee River. The city was named after King Louis XVI of France for his help in America’s Revolutionary War. Burning of the Yazoo Land Fraud records.

7. SPREAD OF RELIGION IN GEORGIA Prior to the Revolution, most Georgians had been members of the official Church of England (Anglican Church) The Methodist and Baptist denominations (branching off of the Protestant branch) were small at the time. 2nd Great Awakening help the Methodist and Baptist churches grow in numbers and spread across the southeast United States. Known as the Bible Belt Two largest Christian denominations in GA. John Wesley was the founder of the Methodist Church One of the first African American churches in U.S. history, was established in Savannah in 1788. Both the Baptist and Methodist used “revivals” and camp meetings to help increase their membership.

8. THE BIBLE BELT The Bible Belt is an informal term for a region in the south-eastern and south-central United States in which socially conservative evangelical Protestantism is a significant part of the culture and Christian church attendance across the denominations is generally higher than the nation's average.

9. SS8H5bEvaluate the impact of land policies pursued by Georgia; include the headright system, land lotteries, and the Yazoo land fraud. Concepts: Movement / Migration Rule of Law Conflict and Change

10. HEADRIGHT SYSTEM To attract settlers and economic development in 1803 Georgia, provided land to Georgians east of the Oconee River. Each white male counted as a “head” of a family and had the “right” to receive anywhere from 200 – 1,000 acres of land plus 50 acres per family member Including slaves. Farmers and ranchers were able to start up their business 1782 – most of the land was given to Revolutionary War veterans for their service Massive immigration to Georgia

11. INDIAN LAND CESSIONS MEANT THAT CREEK AND CHEROKEE INDIANS IN GEORGIA GAVE UP THEIR LAND IN EXCHANGE FOR MONEY OR TRADING RIGHTS / PRIVILEGES THE RESULT IS MORE WESTWARD EXPANSION OF SETTLERS

12. YAZOO LAND FRAUD Four land companies bribed the governor of Georgia James Matthews and the General Assembly (legislature) to pass a bill allowing them to buy large tracts of land near the Yazoo River in Mississippi. The companies bought up to 50 million acres of land for only 1 ½ cents per acre ($500,000). The companies would then sell the land at much higher prices and share the profits with the legislators. When Georgia citizens found out they protested and the legislators were voted out of office. Senator James Jackson resigned from the U.S. Senate to return to Georgia Gen. Assembly

13. YAZOO LAND FRAUD The US government solved the scandal by forcing Georgia to cede (give up) the lands west of the Chattahoochee River in exchange for $1.25 million dollars and a promise to help remove Creek and Cherokee Indians from the Georgia territories. Yazoo Act was repealed in 1796 Copies of the Yazoo Act were burned on the steps of the capital in Louisville. Yazoo Territory became the states of AL. and MS. The Yazoo Land Fraud is a reason why Georgia’s western border is shaped the way it is today.

15. BURNING OF THE YAZOO LAND FRAUD RECORDS AT THE CAPITOL BUILDING IN LOUISVILLE - 1796

16. LAND LOTTERY WHAT: GEORGIANS WANTED TO SETTLE LANDS THAT WERE ONCE OCCUPIED BY CREEK AND CHEROKEE INDIANS. TICKETS PLACED IN TWO DRUMS, ONE WITH NAMES FOR EACH LOT AND OTHER WITH THE PERSON’S NAME. TICKET SELECTED FROM DRUM MATCHED TO NAME OF PERSON FROM OTHER DRUM. WHO: WHITE MALES, ORPHANS, AND WIDOWS ALLOWED TO PARTICIPATE. DEPENDING ON AGE, WAR SERVICE, MARITAL STATUS, AND YEARS OF RESIDENCY IN THE STATE YOU COULD RECEIVE MORE TICKETS, OR CHANCES. WHEN: 1805-1833 WHERE: LANDS WEST OF THE OCONEE RIVER THAT WERE VACATED BY CREEK AND CHEROKEE INDIANS FROM LAND TREATIES AND THE OCONEE WAR AND WAR OF 1812. 3/4TH OF STATE LAND WAS GIVEN TO OVER 100,000 FAMILIES AND INDIVIDUALS WHY: GEORGIANS WANTED TO SETTLE IN LANDS VACATED BY CREEKS AND CHEROKEES IN ORDER TO CREATE COTTON AND TOBACCO PLANTATIONS

17. LAND LOTTERY

18. NOTICE THE WESTWARD EXPANSION OF SETTLERS IN GEORGIA FROM 1733-1835. LANDS EAST OF THE OCONEE RIVER WERE SETTLED BECAUSE OF THE HEADRIGHT SYSTEM LAND POLICY. LANDS WEST OF THE OCONEE RIVER WERE SETTLED FROM THE LAND LOTTERY. OCONEE RIVER HEADRIGHT SYSTEM 1782-1795 LAND LOTTERY 1805-1833

19. What impact did the headright system, land lottery, and Yazoo land fraud have on Georgia? HEADRIGHT SYSTEM Land east of Oconee River. White male “head” of a family had “right” to 200 – 1,000 acres of land. Farmers and ranchers begin businesses 1782 – most land given to Revolutionary War veterans for their service Massive immigration to GA. LAND LOTTERY 1805-1833 land west of Oconee River Given to citizens after removal of Creeks and Cherokees. White males, orphans, and widows received land. Power and wealth for more people Agricultural economy -tobacco and cotton plantations YAZOO LAND FRAUD • Land companies bribed GA government to buy land near Yazoo River • Sold land and shared profits with legislators. • Citizens protested and legislators voted out of office. • US government forced Georgia to cede (give up) lands west of Chattahoochee River forming Georgia’s western border.

20. SS8H5cExplain how technological developments, including the cotton gin and railroads, had an impact on Georgia’s growth. Concepts: Technological Innovation Location

21. How did the cotton gin and railroads impact Georgia’s growth? COTTON GIN RAILROAD

22. TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATIONTHE COTTON GIN

23. COTTON GIN The modern cotton gin, first patented by Massachusetts native Eli Whitney while visiting in Georgia in 1793. A simple machine that separates cotton fibers from the seeds. Its invention quickly transformed the course of agriculture in the Deep South. Almost overnight, cotton became the dominant crop in the south and GA. was the nation largest producer. Unfortunately, more cotton meant more plantations, and more plantations meant a greater dependence on slavery. -

24. COTTON GIN A direct result of this growth was an expansion of slavery. While the cotton gin reduced the amount of labor required to remove the seeds from the plant, it did not reduce the number of slaves needed to grow and pick the cotton. Although the percentage of slave population to total population remained virtually unchanged from 1790 until 1860, the number of slaves in the South increased dramatically. By the end of the antebellum era Georgia had more slaves and slaveholders than any state in the Lower South.

32. How did the invention of the cotton gin affect Southern life?

33. Answer: FOCUS ON AGRICULTURE, PLANTERS DEMANDED MORE LAND TO GROW COTTON, and AN INCREASE IN SLAVERY, and RACISM.

34. ELI WHITNEY Invented the cotton gin in 1795. Unintentionally, his invention would create more of a dependency on slavery in the South.

35. SS8H5cExplain how technological developments, including the cotton gin and railroads, had an impact on Georgia’s growth. Concepts: Technological Innovation Location

36. GEORGIA RAILROAD Transportation by wagon, flatboat and steamboat was slow and expensive. 1834-workers began building the GA. railroad which was to extend from Athens to Augusta. By 1860 there were over 1200 miles of railroad in GA. 1838-General Assembly passed a law creating the Western and Atlantic Railroad (W&A) W&A RR began in the north in Ross Landing near Chattanooga and ended in the south at a small railroad called Terminus 1843-Name of Terminus was changed to Marthasville after the daughter of Gov. Wilson Lumpkin, a key figure in the creation of the W&A RR. 1845-Changed the name Terminus to Atlanta Atlanta becomes the transportation hub of the southeast

39. GEORGIA RAILROAD Atlanta owes its origins to two important developments in the 1830s: the forcible removal of Native Americans (Creeks and Cherokees) from northwest Georgia and the extension of railroad lines into the state's interior. Both of these actions sparked increased settlement and development in the upper Piedmont section of the state and led to Atlanta's founding. - New Georgia Encyclodpedia

41. How did the cotton gin and railroads impact Georgia’s growth? COTTON GIN Machine that separated the cotton fibers from the seeds. Increased cotton production Made economy of the south more agricultural Led to more cotton plantations - King Cotton Led to more westward expansion Led to an increase in slavery RAILROAD • 1837 the city of Terminus is built (later named Atlanta) • Atlanta becomes a transportation hub in the southeast • Railroad transports Georgia agricultural products to the Midwest and Atlantic coast

42. SS8H5dAnalyze the events that led to the removal of Creeks and Cherokees; include the roles of Alexander McGillivray, William McIntosh, Sequoyah, John Ross, Dahlonega Gold Rush, Worcester v. Georgia, Andrew Jackson, John Marshall, and the Trail of Tears. Concepts: Individuals – Groups – Institutions Rule of Law Movement / Migration

43. Creeks and Cherokees • One of the most tragic events in Georgia’s history was the removal of the Creek and Cherokee tribes from the state, culminating with the Trail of Tears, where over 4000 Cherokees died on a forced march from Georgia to Oklahoma. • Events that led to the Removal of Indians in GA. • Treaty of New York in 1790 • Treaty of Indian Springs • Red Stick War • Treaty of New Echota • Gold Rush in Dahlonega • Indian Removal Act of 1830

44. What role did Alexander McGillivray and William McIntosh play in the removal of Creek Indians in Georgia? Alexander McGillivray William McIntosh Protected Creek lands from white settlers Attacked white settlers during Oconee War. Signed 1790 Treaty of New York. US gov’t promised to protect Creek lands west of Oconee River. Creeks leave lands east of Oconee River, leads to Headright land distribution Supported Georgia and US gov’t to gain land from Creeks Profited from treaties by gaining land for himself Signed the 1825 Treaty of Indian Springs – gave up all of Creek lands without permission of other Creek Chiefs. Was killed by Creek Indians for betraying the Creek Nation Both were bi-racial Creek Indian Chiefs with a European descent father and Creek mother

45. ALEXANDER McGILLIVRAY A controversial Creek Indian leader in the 1780s and 1790s, Alexander McGillivray was one of many Southeastern Indians with a Native American mother and European father. - NEW GEORGIA ENCYCLOPEDIA

46. ALEXANDER McGILLIVRAY After the Revolution, McGillivray used his growing influence within Creek society to resist Georgia's attempt to confiscate three million acres of land and to otherwise protect what he viewed as the sovereign rights of the Creek people. Oconee war led to removal of Creeks west of Oconee River. - New Georgia Encyclopedia

47. ALEXANDER McGILLIVRAY The Yazoo land grants by Georgia and the federal government's desire to take control of Indian affairs led to U.S. president George Washington's signing of the 1790 Treaty of New York, in which the United States promised to defend Creek territorial rights. This treaty created a formal relationship between the United States and the Creek Nation and affirmed McGillivray's position as a legitimate national leader. - NEW GEORGIA ENCYCLOPEDIA

48. WILLIAM McINTOSH William McIntosh Jr., also known as Tustunnuggee Hutkee ("White Warrior"), was born around 1778 in the Lower Creek town of Coweta to Captain William McIntosh, a Scotsman of Savannah, and Senoya, a Creek woman of the Wind Clan. He was raised among the Creeks, but he spent enough time in Savannah to become fluent in English and to be able to move comfortably within both Indian and white societies. - NEW GEORGIA ENCYCLOPEDIA

49. WILLIAM McINTOSH William McIntosh was a controversial chief of the Lower Creeks in early-nineteenth-century Georgia. His general support of the United States and its efforts to obtain cessions of Creek territory alienated him from many Creeks who opposed white encroachment on Indian land. - NEW GEORGIA ENCYCLOPEDIA

50. WILLIAM McINTOSH McIntosh's participation in the 1825 Treaty of Indian Springs (signed away all Creek lands) cost him his life. According to a Creek law that McIntosh himself had supported, a sentence of execution awaited any Creek leader who ceded land to the United States without the full assent of the entire Creek Nation. Just before dawn on April 30, 1825, 200 Creek warriors, attacked McIntosh to carry out the sentence. They set fire to his home, and shot and stabbed to death McIntosh. - NEW GEORGIA ENCYCLOPEDIA