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Particles and the Universe

Particles and the Universe. Peter Kalmus. 170,000 light years. Supernova 1987A. Neutrino numbers Emitted ~ 10 58 Hit Earth ~ 10 29 Hit tank ~ 10 17 Interact ~ 10. Energy release ~ 10 46 J. SN 1987A. Earth. SN ~ 10 46 J. 8 arc min. Large Magellanic Cloud

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Particles and the Universe

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  1. Particles and the Universe Peter Kalmus

  2. 170,000 light years Supernova 1987A Neutrino numbers Emitted ~ 1058 Hit Earth ~ 1029 Hit tank ~ 1017 Interact ~ 10 Energy release ~ 1046 J SN 1987A Earth SN ~ 1046 J

  3. 8 arc min Large Magellanic Cloud Sanduleak - 69o 202

  4. LHC History of the Universe T/K Energy Tevatron LEP 16 10 1 TeV Particle Era Era of 10 1 GeV 13 Astronomy Nuclear Primordial Era Soup 10 1 MeV 10 Atomic Era 10 1 keV 7 10 1 eV 4 Hot as Hell 445oC = Boiling point of Brimstone Sun forms 10 1 meV Time m ps ns s ms s 1 day 1 year Today Time since Big Bang / s 10-12 10-6 100 1013 1018

  5. Dark matter Dark energy Primordial Soup CERN style 100 GeV / particle Ingredients 56% quarks 16% gluons 9% charged leptons 9% W & Z particles 5% neutrinos 2% photons 2% gravitons 1% Higgs bosons Recipe by Rocky Kolb Hot 3 x 1015K Condensed Missing ingredients

  6. 9 8 7 6 iron nickel add neutrons Fusion Binding energy per nucleon 0 50 100 150 200 Atomic mass (nucleon) number A Nuclei : how were they made ? H, He, (Li) Big Bang Li, Be, B Spallation by Cosmic Rays Other elements Inside Stars Supernova Q/A MeV You are all made of star material !

  7. Structure of the Atom Proton + Neutron strong force Early 20th Century electron, nucleus 1930s electric force electromagnetism Nucleus Atom bunch of grapes ~ 10-10m ~ 10-15m town

  8. Neutrinos Feel weak force “predicted” later discovered 100,000,000,000,000 per second pass through each person from the Sun Equal and opposite properties “predicted” later discovered Annihilate with normal particles Now used in PET scans Antiparticles Many new particles created in high energy collisions 1950s, 1960s Convert energy to mass. Einstein E = mc2 > 200 new “elementary” (?) particles

  9. Leptons (do not feel strong force) electron e- -1 e-neutrino ne 0 Quarks (feel strong force) up u +2/3 down d -1/3 Today’s building blocks proton = u u d +2/3 +2/3 -1/3 = +1 neutron = u d d +2/3 -1/3 -1/3 = 0 First generation 4 particles very simple multiply by 3 (generations) multiply by 2 (antiparticles)

  10. Today’s building blocks Leptons (do not feel strong force) electron e- -1 e-neutrino ne 0 Quarks (feel strong force) up u +2/3 down d -1/3 baryonsq q q antibary. q q q mesons q q Also antileptons antiquarks 6 leptons 6 antileptons 6 quarks 6 antiquarks muon m- -1 m-neutrino nm 0 charm c +2/3 strange s -1/3 tau t- -1 t-neutrino nt 0 top t +2/3 bottom b -1/3

  11. Antimatter Annihilation of Antigalaxy ? Telescopes X Cosmic rays ? AMS (Space station) Alfven hypothesis Earth, Moon, X Solar system X Antistars in our Galaxy ? Other (anti-) galaxies ? Anti-hydrogen : made in lab Bulk antimatter ? Where ? Difficult to detect Signal ? e+ + e - g + g 0.511 MeV g-ray “line” g g g Radiation pressure

  12. 1 lens 2 lenses 3 lenses magnifying glass microscope no improvement Constituents Internal structure ? Quantum physics Particles have wave properties Insect l = h / p Resolution limited by wavelength of light l Relativity l ~ 5 x 10-7 m ~ 5 x 103 atom ~ 5 x 108 nucleus high velocities particle creation and annihilation To “probe” elementary particles need l lower by factor more than 109 E = mc2

  13. Accelerator ~ Extract beam RF cavities electric kick Bending electro- magnet Focusing electro- magnet Vacuum ring Injector

  14. Anode wires Anode wires + Gas electron Cathode Cathode Tracks of charged particles from electronic signals Wire chambers x coord : wire no. 1 mm y coord : drift time 0.1 mm z coord : current few cm division Also usually made of wires

  15. Energy deposited Depth into calorimeter Calorimeter Metal Scintillator Waveshifter Light guides Photomultiplier Particle creates a shower. Scintillation light measures energy deposited

  16. Forces Electro- magnetic atoms molecules optics electronics telecom. Weak beta decay solar fusion Strong nuclei particles Gravity falling objects planet orbits stars galaxies short range gluon inverse square law photon short range W±, Z0 inverse square law graviton

  17. of the fundamental forces of nature Unification Faraday, Maxwell Newton Electricity Magnetism Apples Planets Electro- magnetic Gravity Both inverse square law Can they be unified ?

  18. Lightning The Sun Two of nature’s four fundamental forces Electromagnetism Weak force Range ~ 10-18 m very feeble Infinite range fairly strong Appear very dissimilar How can they be aspects of one force ? Electrical power Atoms, molecules Solar power Beta decay

  19. Weak Interaction: Solar energy Lord Kelvin (William Thomson) 1862 Gravitational contraction. Lifetime ~ 30 million years Nuclear fusion Lifetime ~ 5 billion years p + p → d + e+ + ne [ ~ 1010 y] WEAK d + p → 3He + g [ ~ 1 s ] E-M 3He + 3He → p + p + 4He [ ~ 106 y]STRONG

  20. of the fundamental forces of nature Unification Faraday, Maxwell Newton Electricity Magnetism Apples Planets Electro- magnetic Gravity Weak Strong Salam, Weinberg, Glashow Electroweak unified force g, W +, W -, Z 0 0 80 80 90 GeV Do the W and Z particles really exist ?

  21. Collider Inject anti- protons ~ RF cavities electric kick Bending electro- magnet Carlo Rubbia Antiprotons Collide 2 beams Inside vacuum Focusing electro- magnet Simon van der Meer Stochastic cooling Inject protons

  22. UA1 Detector at CERN

  23. 1982. Cryptic message from CERN Directorate:- “A senior UK person will be visiting CERN. We can’t tell you who, but she is very important”

  24. Who are these people with Peter Kalmus ?

  25. Carriers of Weak Force found at CERN The W boson the hypo The Discovery of the W Boson The observation of the W intermediate vector boson, the particle that carries the weak nuclear force, is the most outstanding achievement of the CERN laboratory in Geneva and one of the most important advances in physics of this century. It is the successful conclusion of carries the weak force which controls the production of energy in the Sun and some The Role of UK Scientists Twenty-five British scientists played an important part in the remarkable discovery of the W boson. They were led by Professor J D Dowell of Birmingham University, Professor P I P Kalmus of Queen Mary College and Dr A Astbury of Rutherford Appleton Laboratory. The W boson

  26. “…. I am not sure which is more exciting: the glimpse you have had of the W particle, or the knowledge that Santa Claus really does exist. Anyway, my warm congratulations on a very important discovery, and I am delighted that British scientists were once more in the winning team…..”

  27. It is very encouraging that so many British scientists were in the team that discovered the “W boson”, and I would like to congratulate you and your colleagues from Queen Mary College on your success. I am sure that British physicists will be among the first to unify all the four basic forces.

  28. Peter Kalmus Alan Honma Eric Eisenhandler Richard Keeler Reg Gibson Giordi Salvi Graham Thompson Themis Bowcock W and Z particles discovered UA1 Collaboration at CERN Included following members of Queen Mary Results confirmed by another CERN collaboration, and few years later at Fermilab USA Electroweak unification confirmed Nature’s fundamental forces reduced from 4 to 3 Nobel Prizes

  29. Higgs To School of Physics and Astronomy From Peter Kalmus Date 4 July 2012 Congratulations to our colleagues in the ATLAS Collaboration for their part in the discovery of the Higgs Boson at the CERN Large Hadron Collider. I am sorry I wasn't around to help you celebrate, as I was judging schools' "Big Bang" science projects at Duxford Air Museum. However you will be pleased to know that the discovery was mentioned at Duxford. Cheers. Peter Talk by Steve Lloyd Hi Peter, Thanks! Between us we've discovered 4 of the 5 fundamental bosons now! Cheers.Steve Lloyd et al = lots of people Photon 1905 Explanation of photoelectric effect Gluon 1979 PETRA e+ e- (DESY) W 1983 Proton-antiproton Collider (CERN) Z 1983 Proton-antiproton collider (CERN) Higgs 2012 Large Hadron Collider (CERN) Einstein Steve Lloyd et al Peter Kalmus et al Peter Kalmus et al Steve Lloyd et al

  30. If your school or organisation would like a talk on particle physics please contact me p.i.p.kalmus@qmul.ac.uk 020 7882 5042 The End Some other talks “Antimatter” “The Discovery of the W and Z particles” “The forces of nature” “A Century of particle physics” “Mirror images, and antimatter” The proton viewed at high mom. transfer

  31. Additional material You meet all sorts of people at CERN

  32. 8 Nobel Laureates visit CERN in 1962 Cecil Powell Isidor Rabi Werner Heisenberg Ed Mc Millan Emilio Segre T DLee Frank Yang Robert Hofstadter

  33. 37 The Pope visits CERN in 1982

  34. Christer Fuglesang, Astronaut. Was one of my students at CERN Summer School in 1986

  35. Tim Berners-Lee invented the World Wide Web at CERN

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