Chapter 33: Restructuring the Postwar World, 1945-Present

1. Chapter 33: Restructuring the Postwar World, 1945-Present The United States and the Soviet Union vie for superiority, and both countries extend their control over other nations.

2. The Red Guards: China’s Teenage Police Force Between 1966 and 1976, students in China’s Red Guard waged a Cultural Revolution on teachers and professionals that left a million people dead and the country in chaos.

3. Red Guards holding Mao’s “Little Red Book” of his sayings during the cultural revolution.

4. Cold War Timeline, 1946-1980

5. 33.1 Cold War: Superpowers Face Off The opposing economic and political philosophies of the United States and the Soviet Union lead to global competition.

6. Allies Become Enemies • Yalta Conference: A Postwar Plan • In February 1945, British, American, and Soviet leaders meet at Yalta • They agree to divide Germany into zones of occupation when WWI ends • Soviet leader Stalin agrees to allow free elections in Eastern Europe

8. Allies Become Enemies • Creation of the United Nations • June 1945, 50 nations form the United Nations—an international organization • All members are represented in the General Assembly; 11 nations are on the Security Council • Five permanent members have Security Council veto power

9. Allies Become Enemies • Differing U.S. and Soviet Goals • U.S. and Soviets split sharply after WWII ends • U.S. is world’s richest and most powerful country after WWII • Soviets recovering from high war casualties and had many destroyed cities

10. Eastern Europe’s Iron Curtain • Soviets Build a Buffer • Soviets control Eastern European countries after World War II • Stalin installs Communist governments in several countries • Truman urges free elections; Stalin refuses to allow free elections • In 1946, Stalin says capitalism and communism cannot co-exist

12. Eastern Europe’s Iron Curtain • An Iron Curtain Divides East and West • Germany is divided; East Germany is Communist, West Germany democratic • Iron Curtain—Winston Churchill’s name for the division of Europe

14. Churchill, Truman, and Stalin at the Potsdam Conference

15. Fence along the East/West Border in Germany

16. The nations on the eastern side of the “Iron Curtain” were known as the Eastern Bloc

17. Preserved section of the border between East Germany and West Germany called the "Little Berlin Wall" at Mödlareuth

18. United States Tries to Contain Soviets • Containment • Containment—U.S. plan to stop the spread of communism • The Truman Doctrine • Truman Doctrine—U.S. supports countries that reject communism • Congress approves Truman’s request for aid to Greece and Turkey

19. United States Tries to Contain Soviets • The Marshall Plan • Much of Western Europe lay in ruins after World War II • Marshall Plan—U.S. program of assisting Western European countries • Congress approves plan after Communist takeover of Czechoslovakia

21. United States Tries to Contain Soviets • The Berlin Airlift • In 1948, U.S., Britain, and France withdraw forces from West Germany • Their former occupation zones form one country • Soviets oppose this, stop land and water traffic into West Berlin • West Berlin, located in Soviet occupation zone, faces starvation • U.S. and Britain fly in supplies for 11 months until the blockade ends

22. Divisions of Germany

23. Divisions of Berlin

24. Routes of Berlin Airlift

26. The Cold War Divides the World • The Cold War • Cold-War—struggle of U.S. and Soviet Union using means short of war • Superpowers Form Rival Alliances • In 1949, U.S., Canada, and West European countries form NATO • NATO—North Atlantic Treaty Organization—is a defensive military alliance • In 1955, Soviets and Eastern nations sign the Warsaw Pact alliance • In 1961, Soviets build the Berlin Wall to separate East and West Berlin

27. NATO Warsaw Pact and Non-aligned nations

28. Warsaw Pact Nations • Note: Federal People’s Republic of Yugoslavia is forced out of the Warsaw Pact in 1948

30. The Cold War Divides the World • The Threat of Nuclear War • Soviet Union explodes its first atomic bomb in 1949 • U.S. and Soviet Union both develop the more powerful hydrogen bomb • Brinkmanship—policy of willingness to go to the edge of war • Increasing tensions lead to military buildup by U.S. and the Soviets

31. The Cold War Divides the World • The Cold War in the Skies • In 1957, Soviets launch Sputnik, first unmanned satellite. THE SPACE RACE BEGINS! • In 1960, Soviets shoot down American spy plane (a U-2), increasing tensions

33. A replica of Sputnik 1

34. U-2 spy plane similar to the one shot down over the U.S.S.R.

35. Francis Gary Powers with a model of a U-2 spy plane.

36. Wreckage of Gary Powers’ U-2

37. 33.2 Communists Take Power in China After World War II, Chinese Communists defeat Nationalist forces and two separate Chinas emerge.

38. Communists vs. Nationalists • World War II in China • Mao Zedong—leads Chinese Communists against Japanese invaders • Jiang Jieshi (a.k.a. Chiang Kai-shek)—leads of Chinese Nationalists in World War II • Nationalist and Communist Chinese resume civil war after WWII ends

39. Communists vs. Nationalists Jiang Jieshi (a.k.a. Chiang Kai-shek) Mao Zedong

41. Communists vs. Nationalists • Civil War Resumes • Economic problems cause Nationalist soldiers to desert to Communists • Mao’s troops take control of China’s major cities • In 1949, People’s Republic of China is created • Nationalists flee to Taiwan

42. The Two Chinas Affect the Cold War • The Superpowers React • U.S. supports Nationalist state in Taiwan, called Republic of China • Soviets and China agree to help each other in event of attack • U.S. tries to stop Soviet expansion and spread of communism in China

43. The Two Chinas Affect the Cold War • China Expands under the Communists • China takes control of Tibet and southern Mongolia • India welcomes Tibetan refugees fleeing revolt against Chinese • China and India clash over border; fighting stops but tensions remain

44. The Communists Transform China • Communists Claim a New “Mandate of Heaven” • Chinese Communists organize national government and Communist Party • Mao’s Brand of Marxist Socialism • Mao takes property from landowners and divides it among peasants • Government seizes private companies and plans production increase

45. The Communists Transform China • The Great Leap Forward • Communes—large collective farms often supporting over 25,000 people • Program is ended after inefficiency leads to crop failures and famines

47. The Communists Transform China • New Policies and Mao’s Response • China and Soviet Union clash over leadership of communist movement • Strict socialist ideas are moderated, Mao reduces his role in government • Red Guards—militia units formed to enforce strict communism in China

48. The Communists Transform China • The Cultural Revolution • Cultural Revolution—movement to build society of peasants and workers • Red Guards—groups of violent and radical youth—close schools and execute or imprison many intellectuals • In 1968, Chinese army imprisons, executes, or exiles most Red Guards who have been labeled by the government “Counter Revolutionary.” • However, the Cultural Revolution continues until Mao’s death in 1976.

49. Gang of Four • After Mao’s death, the Gang of Four—the radical group that controlled the power organs of the Chinese Communist Party throughout the Cultural Revolution—is arrested and judged responsible for the excesses and chaos that occurred in China as a result of this revolution.

50. Life and Death in Shanghaiby Nien Cheng • Born in Beijing, Cheng became a target of attack by Red Guards in 1966 due to her management of a foreign firm in Shanghai, Shell. Maoist revolutionaries used this fact to claim that Cheng was a British spy in order to strike at Communist Party moderates for allowing the firm to operate in China after 1949. Her book documents her amazing courage and fortitude that enabled her to survive her 6 ½ year imprisonment.