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Module 8

Module 8. Development During Infancy and Childhood. Recap Module 8 – Infancy and Childhood. Cognitive development Jean Piaget’s theory Schemas - Assimilation / accommodation Stages: sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, & formal operational

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Module 8

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  1. Module 8 Development During Infancy and Childhood

  2. Recap Module 8 – Infancy and Childhood Cognitive development Jean Piaget’s theory Schemas - Assimilation / accommodation Stages: sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, & formal operational Object permanence, egocentrism, conservation, theory of mind Social development Attachment Stranger anxiety, attachment through touch, attachment through familiarity (imprinting during a critical period)

  3. Attachment through familiarity Critical Period an optimal period when an organism’s exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development Imprinting the process by which certain animals form rigid attachments during a critical period very early in life

  4. Attachment Differences Attachment can be measured Strange Situation Test:A parent-infant “separation and reunion” procedure that is staged in a laboratory to test the security of a child’s attachment Securely attached vs. insecurely attached Attachment is influenced by parenting and by child temperament Responsive mothers tend to have securely attached children Infants with difficult temperaments are less likely to be securely attached Attachment styles have consequences for subsequent development and adulthood interpersonal relationships Infants who are securely attached have basic trust – the world is predictable Secure vs. anxious or avoidant attachment styles

  5. Conclusions about social development in infancy All humans need to form an attachment to a caring and responsive caregiver early in life (first 8 months of life) Total deprivation from attachment has strong negative consequences: Some of those consequences may be physiological Later emotional development Later interpersonal relationships Later parenting behaviors

  6. Parenting Variations in parents’ attempts to socialize their children

  7. Parenting Styles Accepting Responsive Child-centered Rejecting Unresponsive Parent-centered Demanding Controlling Authoritative: High in bidirectional communication, high in explanation Authoritarian Power assertive, not inductive, not flexible Undemanding low in control attempts Permissive: few demands, following child’s desires Neglecting, ignoring, indifferent, uninvolved Parents’ responsiveness Parents Demandingness

  8. The Influence of Parenting Styles on Social Development Harsh and inconsistent parenting impedes the social development of children. Powerassertive parenting practices serve as models and disinhibit the similar behaviors of the children. The inability to set limits perpetuates the child’s ongoing behavioral problems (e.g. noncompliance, aggression).

  9. The Influence of Parenting Styles on Social Development Authoritative parenting High self esteem, high social competence Unquestioning obedience, low levels of autonomy, low in empathy Authoritarian parenting These associations are correlational!

  10. Module 10 - Adulthood Physical development Cognitive development Social development

  11. Physical Development

  12. Physical Development – declining physical vigor +/- age 35

  13. Physical Development Our physical abilities peak around mid 20s and then start to decline. more related to a person’s health and exercise habits than to age Decline of fertility Women - menopause (~50): the time of natural cessation of menstruation and associated emotional changes Men – gradual decline of sperm count, testosterone, sexual function Most older adults have satisfactory sexual activity

  14. Declining sensory abilities: vision Proportion of normal (20/20) vision when identifying letters on an eye chart 65 year-old retina receives 1/3rd of the light that 20 year-old receives 1.00 0.75 0.50 0.25 0 10 30 50 70 90 Age in years

  15. Declining sensory abilities: smell Percent correct when Identifying smells 90 70 50 10 30 50 70 90 Age in years

  16. Declining sensory abilities: hearing Percent correct when identifying spoken words 90 70 50 10 30 50 70 90 Age in years

  17. Changes in health The immune system weakens increased risk of cancer, pneumonia, etc. accumulation of antibodies – protection from cold & flu Neural processing slows down Reaction time increases Implications for driving: 75 year olds get into as many accidents as 16 year olds per mile of driving Memory loss increases Brain loses 5% of its weight by 80 Brain can still form new neural connections adults who remain active retain more of their capacities Aging proceeds more slowly in women.

  18. Cognitive Development

  19. Memory For some types of learning and remembering, early adulthood is a peak time. Recall declines but recognition does not Ability to remember names decline Ability to remember meaningless syllables decline Ability to recognize words in a list does not decline Can remember meaningful type of information better. They can situate new information in the context of existing knowledge Emotional information is retained well.

  20. Memory The ability to recall new information declined during early and middle adulthood, but the ability to recognize new information did not. Number of words recalled declines with age Number of words recognized is stable with age Number Of words remembered 24 20 16 12 8 4 0 20 30 40 50 60 70 Age in years

  21. Types of intelligence Crystallized Intelligence one’s accumulated knowledge and verbal skills tends to increasewith age (WISDOM) Fluid Intelligence ones ability to reason speedily and abstractly tends to decrease during late adulthood (~ 75) We lose recall memory and processing speed, we gain vocabulary and knowledge

  22. Social Development

  23. Emotional development Emotional Instability Score 24 16 8 0 No early 40s emotional crisis Females Males 33 36 39 42 45 48 51 54 Age in Years

  24. Satisfaction with life Multinational surveys show that age differences in life satisfaction are trivial. Older adults tend less to negative information Percentage “satisfied” with life as a whole 80 60 40 20 0 15 25 35 45 55 65+ Age group

  25. Adulthood life events Life events New jobs Marriage Children Death of a loved one Social clock Culturally determined normative time to experience life events These norms have loosened

  26. Commitments: Erikson Two basic aspects of our lives dominating adulthood Intimacy (forming close relationships) Generativity (being productive and supportive of future generations) Freud & Tolstoy agree that satisfaction with life requires love and work

  27. Love and Work Love An enduring emotional bond that includes intimacy, support, warmth, and sexual attraction An enduring attachment increases life satisfaction Marriage tends to be the preferred social institution of demonstrating attachment Child rearing diminishes marital bonds Most couples with grown children enjoy re-affirmed love Work Most young adults change careers and employment Work that matches one’s interests provides a sense of accomplishment

  28. Death Death of a spouse is experienced by 5 times more women than men Death brings more grief if it is out of sync with the social clock and when it is sudden How grief is experienced is cultural

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