Independent Learning

1. Independent Learning

2. Progress Checker

3. Take Charge of Your Learning Learning Activities: Read the lesson materials before attending the lessons. Attended the lessons Fully participated and engaged in lessons. Used deep processing strategies. Practised retrieval and application of info Self-assessed level of understanding and made notes or read additional material to clarify understanding or extend learning. By using this sheet every week! YES YES YES Each Week: YES or NO if learning activity completed or not. 0 – 5 to show how much you feel you have learnt for that week. Maintain your file as evidence of the learning activities, including notes, answers to set questions, independent learning tasks and any additional reading YES YES YES 4

4. Plate Tectonics

5. Learning Outcomes: By the end of the lesson you should be able to... Name and label the major relief features of the Earth on a world map and cross-sections through the Earth’s surface Name the different types of plate boundary that exist on a map of the major relief features of the Earth and indicate the direction of plate movement.

6. Major Relief Features of the Earth • Ocean Basins • Mid-oceanic ridges • Ocean trenches • Rift valleys • Volcanic island chains • Mountain belts (volcanic island arcs) • Continents • Mountain belts (non-volcanic) • Mountain belts (continental volcanic arcs) • Plate Boundaries • Constructive • Destructive • Conservative

7. Major Relief Features of the Earth

8. Major Relief Features of the Earth Cross-section 3 B Cross-section 2 B A A Cross-section 1 A B

9. Cross-section 1 Cross-section 1 A B Oceanic trench Continental volcanic arc MOR Constructive plate boundary Destructive plate boundary

10. Cross-section 2 Cross-section 2 B A Island arc volcano Oceanic trench Destructive plate boundary

11. Cross-section 3 Cross-section 3 B A Mountain belt (non-volcanic) Destructive plate boundary

12. Learning Outcomes: By the end of the lesson you should be able to... Define the characteristics of the upper layers of Earth involved in plate tectonics. Explain the importance of the asthenosphere in plate tectonic theory. Outline the theory of plate tectonics.

13. Plate Tectonic Theory

14. Plate Tectonic Theory Constructive plate margins Destructive plate margins Conservative plate margins

16. Learning Outcomes: By the end of the lesson you should be able to... Describe the relationship between seismicity, volcanicity and plate boundaries. Explain the distribution of earthquakes and volcanoes.

19. Learning Outcomes: By the end of the next two lessons you should be able to... Describe the location of the Earth’s major tectonic features. Explain the formation of the Earth’s major tectonic features. • Ocean Basins • Mid-oceanic ridges • Ocean trenches • Rift valleys • Volcanic island chains • Mountain belts (volcanic island arcs) • Earthquakes • Continents • Mountain belts (non-volcanic) • Mountain belts (continental volcanic arcs) • Earthquakes

20. Learning Outcomes: By the end of the next two lessons you should be able to... Describe the location of the Earth’s major tectonic features. Explain the formation of the Earth’s major tectonic features. Groups: • Constructive Plate Margin • Destructive Plate Margin (continental-oceanic) • Destructive Plate Margin (oceanic-oceanic) • Conservative Plate Margin • Intraplate (hot spots)

21. Plate Tectonic Theory Destructive Plate Margin Constructive Plate Margin Shallow focus earthquakes 0 – 70km Shallow focus earthquakes 0 – 70km Benioff Zone Inclined zone where earthquakes occur Intermediate focus earthquakes 70 – 300km Deep focus earthquakes 300 – 700km

22. Constructive Plate Margins • Low angled (< 10°) • Non-explosive (effusive) Mid-Oceanic ridge Rift valley Basaltic, shield volcano Transform fault 2 Tectonic tremor (transform fault) Tectonic tremor (normal faults) 3 Volcanic tremor (rising magma) 1 Strong, solid, brittle layer Weak, mobile, semi-molten layer (<1% molten)

23. Evidence for Plate Tectonics Mid-Atlantic Ridge

24. Constructive Plate Margins Acidic magma - Rhyolitic Intermediate magma - Andesitic Basic magma - Basaltic Peridotite (Ultra-basic) Basalt Dolerite Gabbro Peridotite Basaltic Partial melting

25. Constructive Plate Margins

26. Destructive Plate Margins Oceanic Trench Volcanic Island Arc Subduction of denser oceanic crust Benioff Zone Shallow focus earthquakes Partial melting of basaltic oceanic crust Deep focus earthquakes Andesitic, cone-shaped volcano, explosive Mt Pinatubo, Philippines

28. Destructive Plate Margins

29. Conservative Plate Margins San Andreas Fault 2 cm/year 6 cm/year

30. Hot Spots

31. Plate Tectonic Theory 3. How is heat transferred from Earth interior?: 1. Evidence for Earth’s internal heat energy: • volcanoes • hot springs • deep mines • conduction • convection 2. Causes for Earth’s internal heat energy: • radioactive decay in the mantle & crust • iron crystallisation in core • residual heat from Earth formation 4. What is the theory of plate tectonics?: • The upper part of the mantle and overlying crust form the rigid lithosphere. • The lithosphere is split up into 7 large and many smaller sections known as lithospheric plates. • These plates are underlain by a semi-mobile zone in the upper mantle known as the asthenosphere. • Convection currents in the mantle cause the plates to move over the asthenosphere, either moving apart, together or against each other.

32. Earth’s Major Features and Plate Tectonics Destructive Plate Margin Constructive Plate Margin MOR Oceanic Trench Continental Volcano Oceanic Crust Basaltic Magma Continental Crust Andesitic Magma Lithosphere Decompression Melting Lithosphere Benioff Zone Hydration Melting Subducting Slab Asthenosphere Asthenosphere

33. Learning Outcomes: By the end of the lesson you should be able to... Outline how palaeomagnetism can be used to plot plate movements over time. Plan a response to an exam essay question.

34. Learning Outcomes: By the end of the lesson you should be able to... Outline how palaeomagnetism can be used to plot plate movements over time. Plan a response to an exam essay question. • Magnetic Inclination • B. Apparent Polar Wandering Curves • C. Magnetic Anomalies in the Oceanic Crust

35. Learning Outcomes: By the end of the lesson you should be able to... Outline how palaeomagnetism can be used to plot plate movements over time. Plan a response to an exam essay question. Outline how palaeomagnetism can be used to plot plate movements over time. (25 marks)

36. Monday 1st October

37. 3. 2. 1. 5. 4. Put these 8 images in order to explain palaeomagnetism. 7. 6. 8.

38. Palaeomagnetism • Earth’s magnetic field • Liquid basalt • Iron minerals in basalt e.g. magnetite • Basalt cools below Curie point (< 570° C for magnetite) • Rotate & align with magnetic field • Remain in this position after magma cools – remnant magnetism • Apparent polar wandering curves • Magnetic inclination gives latitude of erupted basalt • Magnetic reversals • New magnetite minerals magma iron aligns in different direction • Magnetic anomalies at constructive plate margins

40. Evidence for Plate Tectonics

41. Magnetic Anomalies at MOR

42. Magnetic Anomalies at MOR 60km Calculate the rate the oceanic crust is moving away from the MOR. Your answer should be in mm/year.

43. Earth’s Magnetic Field Earth’s magnetic field Orientation of magnetic iron minerals in lavas formed at different latitudes

44. Magnetic Anomalies

45. Earth’s Magnetic Field & Plate Tectonics

49. Sediment Basaltic pillow lavas & dolerite dykes Gabbro

50. Eruption Type Composition (Acid/Basic) Viscosity (High/Low) Temperature Main Products Plate Location Effusive Explosive