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You will learn

You will learn. Organisation of societies in India (Ind), China (Ch) and SEA How empires were ruled Good governance from India, China and SEA. Duties of Rulers in ancient Ind, Ch & SEA. Absolute monarchs; enjoyed unlimited power Controlled land & armies Made all the important decisions

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You will learn

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  1. You will learn • Organisation of societies in India (Ind), China (Ch) and SEA • How empires were ruled • Good governance from India, China and SEA

  2. Duties of Rulers in ancient Ind, Ch & SEA • Absolute monarchs; enjoyed unlimited power • Controlled land & armies • Made all the important decisions • Sometimes divide up territories into smaller units • Subjects must to obey rulers

  3. Duties of Rulers in ancient Ind, Ch & SEA • Dynasty : Leadership of kingdom passed on to children of the rulers • Usually a line of kings from the same family • Others were leaders of empires • Empire : Several countries/kingdoms under the rule of one state or country

  4. Duties of Rulers in ancient Ind, Ch & SEA • Duties of Rulers : • Defend against against foreign invasions • Waged wars to increase territories • Ensure country well-governed • Employ officials to maintain law & order and to collect taxes • Carry out public projects eg irrigation canals, roads and hospitals • Patrons of religion, learning and the arts

  5. Social & Political Life in India • Aryan India • The Mauryan Dynasty • The Gupta Dynasty

  6. Aryan India • Migration of Aryans to India • Social structure in Aryan Ind based on a class system • Everyone had a place in society • Society could function smoothly if people knew what their roles were • Aryans : Punjab to Ganges Plain • Society divided into 4 main classes • A person’s caste was fixed from birth • A last group : • Untouchables – undertakers, sweepers

  7. Aryan India • Early days : People could move across castes if they were skilled • Brahmins (priests) made rules extremely rigid • No movement from one caste to another allowed • Cannot do the jobs of different caste members • Could not mixed or marry freely • Those who did not follow these rules would become ‘untouchables’ • The caste system continued to be part of India for 3,000 years

  8. Aryan India • Aryan govt was simple • People settled in Punjab • Organised into tribes under a rajah or king • Rajah protected his people • Assisted by a tribal council • Position of rajah was hereditary ie passed down from father to son

  9. Aryan India • Later in the Ganges plains, tribes formed many small kingdoms • Boundaries/borders marked by rivers and mountains • More powerful tribes conquered the weaker ones • Kingdoms thus arose

  10. 4 B.C. – Chandragupta : first king to conquer other small kingdoms • Set up a large empire • He was from the Magadha kingdom • Started the Mauryan Dynasty in 322 B.C. • The dynasty lasted 140 years

  11. Chandragupta undertook expansion of his kingdom • Set up a police state • Used secret police to control freeedom of people • Used spies to collect information about people • Huge army • Troops, chariots & elephants • Capital at Pataliputra • Made use of viceroys to look after provinces

  12. Chandragupta was a strict ruler • Imposed harsh punishments on those who disobeyed the law • Hence he had many enemies • Took measures to avoid being assassinated • Personal body guards; food tasters • Would not sleep in the same room twice

  13. Chandragupta also made improvements to his people’s lives • Set up postal service • Built many roads • Royal highway linked his capital to the furthest parts of his empire in the northwest

  14. Megasthenes, the Greek ambassador at the court of Chandragupta Maurya in Pataliputra, wrote about the prosperity of the Mauryan cities. He reported that agriculture was healthy, water abundant and mineral wealth was in plenty. Megasthenes wrote, “… the Indians, dressed in bright and rich colors. They liberally used ornaments and gems." He also spoke of the division of society according to occupation and the large number of religious sects and foreigners in the empire. http://www.itihaas.com/ancient/chandra.html

  15. There is no better work than promoting the welfare of the world. Whatever be my great deeds, I have done them in order to discharge my debt to all beings.

  16. Chandragupta’s grandson, Asoka, was one of the greatest Mauryan rulers • His rule was filled with peace • Brought about by his conversion to Buddhism • After the battle at Kalinga, he stopped territorial conquest

  17. Asoka ruled his empire with kindness • He felt peace was necessary for the happiness of his people • Army used for border patrols • His laws were less harsh than his grandfather

  18. Lives of the people improved under Asoka’s rule • Continued with public projects • New roads lined with shady trees • Homes for elderly and orphans • Free hospitals for people and animals • Asoka travelled widely throughout his empire, listening to the opinions of his people

  19. Asoka stupas were the stupas commissioned by the famous Buddhist emperor Asoka centuries ago. Buddhist history relates that he had the help of numerous spirits and had 84,000 stupas built all over the world overnight. Only a relatively small number of these stupas are known to us. Each stupa contains the relics of the historical Buddha and is therefore accorded with highest respect. Wutaisan was mentioned by the Buddha over 2500 years ago as a place where Manjusri dwells and teaches. It was described to be in China, in a certain direction and a certain distance from India. However, in the early stages of Chinese Buddhist development, the description was treated more as a legend than an actual place. One of the Asoka stupas was said to be in this legendary sacred place. 180 feet tall Asoka stupa which is visible from practically any part of Tai–Huai, Wutaisan Source : www.b-i-a.net/photos/ wutaishan/1.jpg

  20. King Asoka regularly fed the Brahmin priests. in accordance with the custom of the household, before his conversion to Buddhism. But he was not pleased with their demeanour at meal-time, as they were neither clean nor calm. The King thought to himself, "Charity on such a lavish scale should be given in proper quarters". Latter, one day he saw a serene - looking young novice, quietly walking along the street with restrained senses.           The King was so impressed with the deportment that the novice was invited to the palace at once and requested to occupy a suitable seat; and the novice went up the throne and sat on it. The King then served him with and excellent meal and asked him to give an exposition of the Doctrine which his Teacher used to preach. The young novice Nigrodha delivered an instructive discourse on the following stanza of the Dhammapada:-            "Heedfulness is the path to Deathlessness. Heedlessness is the path to death. The heedful do not die, the heedless are like unto the dead".           The word of the Buddha appealed to him and he became a Buddhist and staunch supporter of the religion. Source : www.goldenlandpages.com/hotspots/ buddhism/56.jpg

  21. Sanchi Gate and Stupa. First built at time of Asoka and enlarged over time. The stupa architectural form was originally a reliquary, but eventally became the most characteristic form for a place of Buddhist worship. At this time, Buddhism spread throughout the area ruled by the Mauryans. Source : www.hp.uab.edu/image_archive/ udg/

  22. Asoka's pillar. 32-foot high polished sandstone columns were erected at the time of Asoka's reign to commemorate events in Buddha's life or to mark routes to holy sites. Source : www.hp.uab.edu/image_archive/ udg/

  23. Capital from a pillar of Asoka: the Lions of Sarnath. Sarnath is where Asiddhartha Gautama first preached, and these lions echo his teachings to the four quarters of rthe world. The wheel symbolizes Buddhist law and also Asoka's legitamacy as an enlightened ruler. Source : www.hp.uab.edu/image_archive/ udg/

  24. The Gupta Dynasty • Mauryan Dynasty began to decline after Asoka’s death • Gradually broke into small kingdoms • Constantly at war • A.D. 4 : Gupta Dynasty • Ruled for 180 years • Hinduism remained a strong force

  25. The Gupta Dynasty • Gupta Dynasty became very powerful during the rule of Chandragupta II (A.D. 376 to A.D. 415) • His empire extended westwards and conquered ports in western India • Made possible trade with western India • Also brought states in Central India under his influence

  26. The Gupta DynastyGOVERNMENT • The Guptas set up a stable and strong government • Capital : Pataliputra • India divided into provinces and districts • Royal guards and officers helped helped run these territories • Village councils : running of villages

  27. The Gupta DynastyRELIGION • The Guptas allowed freedom of worship although they were Hindus • Many Buddhist monasteries were built • Many Indians followed the Buddhist way of life

  28. The Gupta DynastyLAW • Punishments not as harsh as in the Mauryan Dynasty • Criminals not severely dealt with • Most offenders merely fined • People who repeatedly tried to rebel against the government had their right hands cut off

  29. So far ….. • No major changes in the methods of government • Kings of Mauryan and Gupta dynasties held all power in their hands • Claimed to have blessings of the gods to be rulers • Depended on loyalty of their officials and army officers to look after territories • Ordinary people continued their way of life

  30. CHINA

  31. ZHOU DYNASTY

  32. MAP OF ZHOU

  33. Zhou Dynasty • 11th century B.C. • System of government : Feudalism • Social System : Two different classes in Zhou society • Upper Class • King & nobles • Lower class • Scholars, peasants, craftsmen & merchants

  34. Zhou Feudal System • King ruled only the capital and its surrounding areas • Divided the country into territories known as feudal states • Ruler of a feudal state was the feudal lord • Ruled the feudal states, owned armies and peasants • When a feudal lord died, his son inherited the land

  35. Zhou Feudal System KING OF ZHOU DYNASTY Paid tribute (jade, grain) and provided military service Gave people and land FEUDAL LORDS Gave protection and permission to farm land Paid grain and silk and provided free labour and military service PEASANTS

  36. QIN DYNASTY

  37. Presenting the MAN himself……. Qin Shihuang

  38. Did U know that …………. • Qin Shihuang was originally known as Prince Zheng of the State of Qin? • Prince Zheng actually forced his Prime Minister to commit suicide? • I will be using QSH as a short form for Qin Shihuang from now on? You didn’t? Now you do! • QSH was obsessed with immortality?

  39. Did U know that …………. QSH joined the existing walls in China to form the Great Wall of China? It took 10 years and 300,000 men to strengthen, join and extend the Great Wall of China during the rule of QSH? The Great Wall is the only man-made structure that can be seen by the naked eye from the moon?

  40. The Story of Prince Zheng • Born in 259 B.C. • Succeeded the throne at the age of 13 • At 21, he discovered a plot by the PM to topple him • Forced the PM to commit suicide • As King of Qin, he sent his army to conquer the other 6 feudal states

  41. The Story of Prince Zheng • By 221 B.C., all the feudal states were unified under one ruler for the first time in Chinese history • He called himself the “First Emperor of Qin” or Qin Shihuang • “First Emperor of China” • For the next 2,200 years, rulers after him took on the title of “Emperor”

  42. BRINGING THE CHINESE TOGETHER One Central Government One System of Law and Order One School of Thought 7 1’s One Form of Writing One Set of Measures for Trade One Standard Length for Axles One System of Coinage for Trade

  43. BRINGING THE CHINESE TOGETHER One Central Government 36 Provinces Each Province Military Governor Civilian Governor Inspector Did not have land or army. Why? Rewarded with money and presents

  44. BRINGING THE CHINESE TOGETHER BELL One Central Government Move powerful families from former feudal states to his capital at Xianyang. Why? All weapons (apart from his own) were collected and melted down to make bronze bells and huge statues

  45. BRINGING THE CHINESE TOGETHER • Forced Labour • Execution • Through punishments, QSH forced people to accept changes that he introduced One System of Law and Order • One common set of laws to unify China • Very strict laws to control the people • Harsh punishment for breaking the law

  46. BRINGING THE CHINESE TOGETHER • Previously, people from different states had different forms of writing • QSH introduced one form of writing • China has only one form of writing since then One Form of Writing

  47. BRINGING THE CHINESE TOGETHER • Length of all axles standardized to 2 metres. • Movement of people and transportation of goods became easier. One Standard Length of Axle QSH ordered wide roads to be built from the capital to all parts of China. WHY?

  48. BRINGING THE CHINESE TOGETHER • Different types of coins were used in the Zhou Dynasty • QSH ordered only one type of coinage to be used • Coins of this shape remained in use for the next 2,000 years One System of Coinage

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