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Chemical Foundations

Learn about mass, length, time, temperature, volume, and amount of substance units, along with precision and accuracy principles in chemistry. Understand significant figures and dimensional analysis. Explore matter classification and pure substances. Dive into prefixes for unit conversions and dimensional analysis in chemistry.

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Chemical Foundations

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  1. Chemical Foundations

  2. Units Mass kilogram kg Length meter m Time second s Temperature kelvin K Amount of substance mole mol Volume (not official SI unit) liter L

  3. Prefixes mega M 106 kilo k 103 hecto h 102 deka da 101 base unit (grams, meters, liters, seconds, etc) deci d 10-1 denti c 10-2 milli m 10-3 micro m 10-6 nano n 10-9

  4. Precision and accuracy • Precision Same answer over and over Not necessarily correct • Accuracy Correct answer

  5. Significant figures • Nonzero numbers • Zeros Beginning zeros are never significant Sandwiched zeros are always significant Ending zeros are significant only if there is a stated decimal • Counting numbers have infinite significance • Numbers before the ‘X’ are significant in scientific notation

  6. Sig Figs in Math • Adding or subtracting? Round to least number of decimals ex. 4.51730 8.0 + 6.234 18.7513  18.8 • Multiplying or dividing? Round to least number of sig figs ex. 2.30 X 14.0058 = 32.21334  32.2

  7. Dimensional AnalysisorUnits, Units, Units, Units, Units, Units 75 mi/hr = ? in/s 75 mi 5280 ft 12 in 1 hr 1 min = 1300 in hr 1 mi 1 ft 60 min 60 sec sec

  8. Classification of Matter[anything with mass and volume] States solid liquid gas Pure substances element compound Homogeneous or heterogeneous uniform composition visible parts

  9. elements • pure substance • cannot be decomposed into simpler substances • building blocks, “Legos” • unique properties • representative particle-------atom • symbols

  10. compounds • pure substances • 2 + elements • always combined in same proportions • new properties • not easily divided • representative particle-----molecule or formula unit • formulas

  11. 2 X 103 mockingbirds = 2 kilomockingbirds 10 cards = 1 decacards 1 boo2 = 1 boo boo 10-2 mentals = 1 centimental 10-2 pedes = 1 centipede 10-6 phones = 1 microphone 10-9 goats = 1 nanogoat (nanny) 109 aggies = 1 giga aggies 1012 microphones = 1 mega phone 10 millepedes = 1 centipede 106 bicycles = 2 megacycles

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