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Renaissance Breakthroughs

Renaissance Breakthroughs. Theoretical Advances. The Birth of the Renaissance. Renaissance Rebirth Revisit Classical ideas Want to copy Greek and Roman styles Fall of Byzantium, 1453 Classically trained scholars flee Turks Move to Italy Reconquest of Spain Library of Cordoba

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Renaissance Breakthroughs

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  1. Renaissance Breakthroughs Theoretical Advances

  2. The Birth of the Renaissance • Renaissance • Rebirth • Revisit Classical ideas • Want to copy Greek and Roman styles • Fall of Byzantium, 1453 • Classically trained scholars flee Turks • Move to Italy • Reconquest of Spain • Library of Cordoba • Italian City States • Competition to outdo each other

  3. Improving on the Classical World • New technologies / techniques available • Growing confidence • Re-examine Original Latin and Greek Texts • Notice some errors / inconsistencies • Attempt to improve on Classical techniques • Inquisitive and experimental

  4. How to re-examine the world • Investigation • Columbus • Hmmm, I wonder if I can prove the world is round? • Observation • Copernicus • The stars and planets are moving in the wrong direction if the earth is the centre of the Universe • Experimentation • Galileo • Hmmm, If I put these two lenses together in a tube, I wonder what will happen.

  5. Renaissance Art • Observation • Examine nature itself • How does nature work? Studied plants, animals • Experimentation • Anatomy • Leonardo da Vinci • Dissected 10 bodies

  6. Challenging Christianity • The Reformation • Martin Luther 1517 • Challenges Catholic Church and the Pope • Copernicus • Scientific contradiction of Christian teachings • Can the Christian church’s judgement be trusted on medical matters?

  7. Why does this breakthrough last? • Printing Press • Gutenberg 1452 • Bible • Very cheap and easy to spread ideas • Challenges Catholic Church’s control over the spread of information • Monks handwritten manuscripts

  8. Paracelsus1493 - 1541 • Full Name: • Aureolus Phillipus Theophrastus Bombastus von Hohenheim • University Lecturer in Basel, Switzerland • Challenged Galen • Burnt Galen’s books in front of his students • “Galen is a liar and a fake; Avicenna is a kitchen master. They are good for nothing. You will not need them. Reading never made a physician. Patients are the only books.” • Disagreed with 4 Humour Theory • Put forward the idea that the body was attacked from outside • Use minerals & magic to help protect the body • Mercury, Laudanum, iron and Sulphur

  9. Padua Anatomical Theatre • Padua in Italy • Premier Medical Facility in Europe • More willing to dissect cadavers • However, cadavers still in short supply • Up to 300 observers • All observers within 10 metres of table

  10. Andreas Vesalius1514 - 1564 • Studied in Paris • Observed gallows victims and decaying bodies of criminals • Smuggled parts home • Became professor of Padua at 23 • Conducted dissections himself • Students told to study the body for themselves rather than rely on others. • De Fabrica published in 1543 • Pointed out Galen’s errors • Jaw bone • Printing press allowed it to be made available to a wide audience

  11. Ambroise Pare1510 - 1590 • Surgical Advances • Barber-Surgeon in French Army • Advance One • Problem • Surgeons cauterised gunshot wounds with boiling oil (to stop lead poisoning) • Painful • Shock • Infection • Crisis • Ran out of oil • Solution • Do not cauterise • Use natural ointment • Used by Romans

  12. Ambroise Pare1510 - 1590 • Advance Two • Problem • Cauterisation used to stop bleeding on cut wounds / amputations • Shock • Pain • Infection • Solution • Ligatures • Use silk thread and needles to sew up bleeding vessels • Infection still a problem • Question 1-4 page 87

  13. William Harvey1578 - 1657 • Student at Padua • Challenged Galen’s idea of new blood being created • experiments to show that blood flowed in one direction • Animals • Cadavers • Proved that heart was a pump • Blood recirculates • Calculated volume of blood • Published results showing his proof • Problem: Capillaries? • How useful was his discovery?

  14. Homework • Page 90 • Use handout to help answer questions 1 to 5

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