1. Theory in research • Theory is an assumption, a concept, or a philosophy about a certain phenomenon or about the relationship between specific phenomena in a social setting. • It explains what these assumptions are and presents an argument to inform us what the theory entails and how it was formulated.

2. Theory in research • A set of interrelated constructs, definitions and propositions that presents a systematic view of phenomena by specifying relations among variables with the purpose of explaining and predicting phenomena. • Theory enlightens us about what is known about and written about a particular issue, and thus provides a helpful backdrop to our research.

3. Theories in social science research • Piaget’s theory of Cognitive Development • Vygotsky’s theory of Zone of Proximal Development • Bruner’s theory of Scaffolding • Herzberg’s theory of Hygiene Factors • Maslow’s theory of Hierarchy of Needs • Tajfel’s theory of Social Identity • Bourdieu’s theory of Habitus • Coleman’s theory of Social Capital • Bloom’s theory (Taxonomy) of Educational Objectives • Bernstein’s theory of Sociolinguistics

4. Theories in social science research • Marxism: the belief that capitalism is based on the exploitation of workers by the owners of the capital. Also, the evolving conflict between classes with opposing interests drives historical change. • Postmodernism: a state lacking a clear hierarchy or organising principle, and representing complexity, contradiction, ambiguity, diversity & interconnectedness.

5. Theories in social science research • Feminism: Concerned with issues to do with women’s rights to property, contract, contraception, maternity leave. Also, dealing with sexual harassment, abuse, domestic violence • Critical theory: The examination & critique of society to effect change – to emancipate the disempowered, to redress inequality, & to promote individual freedoms within a democratic society. • Grounded theory: Theory generated during the process of gathering & analysing the data