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Islamic Empires. Interactions and Conflict. Importance of Trade. By the 15 th Century, technological and scientific advances had been exchanged among the cultures of the world: Paper, the compass, silk, & porcelain (China) Textiles, numerical system (India & Ottomans)
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Islamic Empires Interactions and Conflict
Importance of Trade • By the 15th Century, technological and scientific advances had been exchanged among the cultures of the world: • Paper, the compass, silk, & porcelain (China) • Textiles, numerical system (India & Ottomans) • Medicine, astronomy, and mathematics (Mideast, Africa, and Asia)
The Ottomans • The Ottoman Empire lasted for over 600 years (13th to 19th Centuries) • Fell in 1922 (after WWI) • The Ottoman Empire was concentrated in Asia Minor on the Anatolian Peninsula. • It emerged as a political and economic power following the fall of Constantinople (1453) , which was renamed Istanbul.
The Ottomans • The Ottomans expanded their empire into • Southwest Asia (Iraq, Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, Israel, and parts of Saudi Arabia) • Southern Europe (Balkan Peninsula: Serbia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia, and Albania) • Parts of North Africa. • The Ottomans ruled Christians, Jews, and Muslims but ISLAM (Sunni) was the unifying religion.
The Ottomans • The Ottoman Empire benefited from its location: controlled most east/west trade. • The Empire produced mostlycoffee and ceramics. • The spices, silks, timber, gunpowder, technological advances passed through their empire on the way to Europe, which made them rich. • Why are the Ottomans Important?????
Important People • Osman (1300-1326) • Warrior for Islam = ghazis • West called him Othman – Ottomans named after him • Gunpowder = first people to use cannons and carried muskets * Ottoman Rule ~ kind ~ appointed local Sultans ~ improved lives of peasants ~ non-Muslims pay tax
Important People • Timur the Lame (Mongol) • Technically conquered the Ottoman Empire, but was not interested in Anatolia – Osman’s power grew • Conquered Russia and Persia • Burned Baghdad to the ground • Died on way to China • Mehmet II (the Conqueror) • Son of Timur • Captured Constantinople from Byzantine Christians • Renamed Istanbul
Important People • Selim the Grim (1512) • Overthrew his father and killed his brothers • Conqurered Egypt and Saudi Arabia • Suleiman I (1520) “The Magnificent” • Selim’s son • Empire reaches height • Ruled for 46 years • Empire fell – corruption • Suleiman video
Cultural Achievements • Cultural Diffusion – blending of cultures • Astronomy and math • Schools • Art and Literature • Spices, Silk (from China) • Used Gunpowder (from China)
Political Characteristics • Vizier – head administrator • Janissaries – elite military group, which gained great power • “Devshirme” – Young Christian boys, from conquered territories, became slaves to Sultan • Learned Turkish and converted to Islam • Served as bureaucrats or infantrymen in army
Fall of Ottoman • Began to decline in 17th century – too large • Fall of Ottoman Empire • Crash Course Crash Course
Safavid • The Safavid Empire consisted of present day Iran and parts of Afghanistan and Russia. • Ruled by a Shah or emperor. • Islam (Shiite) was the unifying religion. • Caught between the Ottomans and the Mughalsand thus has limited influence.
Cultural Blending: Safavid • Members of an Islamic brotherhood joined Shi’a Muslims • Isma’il (1499) • Leader of army – 14yrs old • Fought Ottomans (Sunni Muslim) • Destroyed Sunni population in Baghdad • Selim the Grim responded by killing nearly 40,000 Shi’a Muslims • Fighting still continues today Fighting today
Safavid • Golden Age 1588 • Shah Abbas “Abbas the Great” (1588-1629) • Blend of Persian, Ottoman, and Arab worlds • Reformed army (2 armies; 1 Persian and 1 Ottoman) • Reformed government • Punished corruption • Created good relationships with Europe and China • Collapse under internal attacks * Persian rugs
The Mughals • Descendants of the Mongols, Muslim Mughal (Mogul) rulers of India and surrounding regions. • Babur – descendant of Timur and Genghis Khan conquered Delhi • Location of their Empire: • Northern India • Parts of Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Afghanistan.
Founded • Golden Age (1556-1605) • Akbar “Great One” • Religious Freedom • Blended cultures – Islam and Hinduism • Sikhism – new religion, rejects Caste System • Attempted to outlaw the practice of sati • Built Military – lots of fire power • Language – Hindi = mix of Persian and local • Shah Jahan • Built TajMahal (Tomb!) • Built it after wife died (MumtazMahal) • She died after giving birth to 14th child • 20,000 workers – 22 years = much suffering
The Mughals • Contributions • Spread Islam into India • The Mughals ruled an empire of mostly Hindu. • Like the Ottomans they built many impressive temples and shrines. • Taj Mahal • Their culture was a blend of Hindu and Muslim. • They carried on an extensive trade with the Europeans after their arrival during the late 15th Century.
The Mughals • The Portuguese, British, and Dutch (Netherlands) all competed for the Indian Ocean trade. • These Europeans (French, Dutch, Portuguese) arrived in India in the late 14th century-set up trading posts. • Western Coast with local rulers of the Mughal Empire. • The British gained a monopoly by the 1600s. • Cotton and Indian textiles were the primary product.
