Chapter 26

1. Chapter 26 New Global Patterns Justin Martinez Global Project Period D 5/1/07

2. Section One Japan Modernizes

3. Discontent in Tokugawa Japan • Tokugawa shoguns reimposed centralized feudalism which didn’t allow foreigners in Japan and forbade Japanese to travel overseas. • Nagasaki was the only place Japan was allowed to trade with the Dutch. Japan lived in isolation. • Money became a problem for Daimayos because their money was in land not cash. • Samurai upset because they are no longer fighters and most are bureaucrats. They didn’t live as well as urban merchants due to a lack of money. • Merchants had no political power. • Peasants suffered heavy taxes. • Government tries to emphasize old ways like farming over commerce and traditional values but it wasn’t successful.

4. Opening Up Japan/External Pressure and Internal Revolt • July 1853, a fleet of American ships led by Matthew Perry sailed into the Tokyo Bay. • They brought a letter from the President of the U.S demanding that Japan open its ports to diplomatic and commercial exchange. • Treaty of Kanagawa: Opened to Japanese ports up to American ships. • United States won Extraterritoriality which is the right of foreigners to be protected by the laws of their own nation. • 1867- discontented daimyo and samurai led a revolt that unseated the shogun and restored the 15-year old emperor to power. He moved from Kyoto to Edo later renamed Tokyo the eastern capital.

5. Meji Restoration/ Reforms Under the Meji • Meiji means enlightened rule. The young emperors long reign is long as the Meiji Restoration lasting from 1868 to 1912. • Meiji Restoration reformers wanted to strengthen Japan using the idea of a “Rich country and Strong Military.” • New leaders set out to study Western Ways like government, economy technology and customs. • Japanese adapted these ways with great success and speed.

6. Government • Reformers wanted a strong and centralized government equal to those of the Western Powers. • They adapted the German Model. • Meiji Constitution made set forth a principle that all citizens were equal before the law. • They used a Diet system: which made up one elected house and another house appointed by the emperor. • The Samurai were cut and the Japanese made a military service.

7. Economic Reforms • The Japanese government set up a banking system. They built railroads, improved ports, and organized telegraphs and postal systems as well. • Business dynasties like the Kawasaki family ruled over industrial empires. • Zaibatsu- were powerful banking and industrial families like the Kawasaki. • Silk manufacturing soared. Things like ship yards, copper, coal mining and steel making made Japan a powerful industrial power. • Urbanization- the moving of people from rural areas to the city in search of more opportunity took place and the population grew immensely.

8. Social Change • The constitution ended classes in Japan and the set up of schools and universities emerged. Westerners taught modern technology. • Japanese reform was part of a success due in part to the Homogeneous Society that had a common culture and language that gave it a strong sense of identity. Growing Military Strength • Japan lacked basic resources that were essential for economic growth. • Japan built an empire with an army and navy. Eastern Asia was desired land for the Japanese.

9. Japan Gains Power • 1894- competition between China and Japan. China has resources needed but Japan has modernized. This leads to the Sino-Japanese war. • Japan is successful and gains treaty ports from China. Japan gains control of Taiwan. • Russo-Japanese War- Japanese want Korea in Manchuria. Japan defeated Russia, and this was the first time a European nation was humbled. Japan gained the lands they sought. • Treaty of Portsmouth- Japan gains Korea from Russia. Competition for Korea • The Korean peninsula was the focus of competition between Russia, Japan and China. • Japan forced Korea to open ports to Japanese trade and then annexed Korea after defeating China and Russia. It made Korea a protectorate.

10. Japan rules Korea • Japan wanted to modernize Korea. • Factories, Railroads and Communication systems were built. • Koreans produced more rice than ever before under Japanese rule but most of it went to Japan. • March 1st, 1919 became a symbol for Korean nationalist when a revolt took place but Korea was crushed by the Japanese.

11. Section Two Southeast Asia and the Pacific

12. Europeans Colonize Southeast Asia • Southeast Asian colonies produce coffee and indigo. • British obtain the Malaya and Burma peninsula. • The French had control over Vietnam. • The Vietnamese tried to suppress Christianity by killing converters and missionaries. • Burma and the Vietnamese misjudged the power of the British. • French seized Laos and Cambodia. ( French Indochina). • Europe modernized Southeast Asia and gave the Europeans great advantages.

13. Siam Survives • Thailand is present day Siam. • The King of Siam, King Mongkut didn’t underestimate European power, and this saved Siam. • He accepted unequal treaties and escaped becoming a European power. • His son Chulalongkorn set Siam on the road to modernization. • He abolished slavery and gave women marriage rights.

14. Imperial Powers in the Pacific • American, French and British whaling ships looked for bases to take on supplies. • 1878- Unequal treaty proposed by the U.S to Samoa, giving the U.S extraterritoriality and naval stations. • U.S, Germany and Britain agreed to a triple protectorate over Samoa. • Hawaiian Queen Liliuokalani tried to reduce foreign influence but American planters over threw her. 1898- the U.S to annexed Hawaii.

15. The United States and the Phillipines • Jose Rizal and the Filipinos worked to end Spanish control of the islands. • The U.S and Spain fight for control of Cuba and the Filipinos help the U.S because they thought the U.S would give them their independence. • Instead the U.S took over them. • Emilio Aguinaldo led Filipinos to battle American forces. • The U.S modernized the Filipinos. • Imperialism is a foreign policy in which a more powerful nation takes control of a weaker nation, usually for economic benefit.

16. Section Three Self-Rule for Canada, Australia and New Zealand

17. Canada Achieves Self-Rule • France lost Canada in 1763 to Britain but many French speaking people remained. Soon English speaking Protestants came to Canada and that counteracted with the French Catholics that lived there. • Indigenous- original inhabitants of a region. The Two Canadas • 1791- Canada act passed by Britain to ease tensions between the two types of people in Canada. It created the English speaking upper Canada and the French speaking lower Canada. (Upper-Ontario and Lower- Quebec)

18. The Durnham Report • This called for the two Canadas to be reunited given control over their own affairs. • The Act of Union passed by the parliament in 1840 gave Canada an elected legislature. Dominion of Canada • Canada expanded Westward in the 1800’s. • Two Canadians John Macdonald and George Cartier urged confederation- or the unification of Canada’s provinces. • 1867 Britain passed the British North American Act, creating the Dominion of Canada. A dominion is a self-governing nation, and that’s what happened when four provinces were joined together, and later 2 more joined.

19. Expansion • John Macdonald- Canada’s first prime minister. • He called for a transcontinental railroad. • 1885, Canadian Pacific Railway opened linking eastern and western Canada. • It helped transport manufactured goods and served as transportation for people as well. • This railroad messed up the lives of the Native Americans. Louis Riel led a revolt of the Métis people- people of mixed Native American and European Descent. But, government troops put down the uprising and executed Riel.

20. Immigration • Immigration increased as people from Europe and Asia flooded into Canada. People from Germany, Italy, Poland, Russia, Ukraine, China and Japan enriched Canada economically and culturally. Europeans in Australia • Captain James Cook claimed Australia for Britain. The First Settlers • Aborigines, as the Europeans later called them, were the first inhabitants of Australia, living in small huts and speaking 250 languages. A Penal Colony • The London jails in Britain were jammed with people, so they made Australia into a Penal Colony, sending 700 convicts in 1788 to Botany Bay. • Regular people were also sent their because Britain was too crowded. Australia became the first nation to introduce the secret ballet and gave women the right to vote.

21. Into the Outback • After the slaughtering of the Aborigines, sheep-herding was discovered and a wool industry flourished in Australia. • 1851, a gold rush caused a population boom in Australia. New Zealand/Maori Struggles • The Maoris were settled farmers. • The mild climate and good soil attracted white settlers who followed missionaries. The white settlers introduced sheep and cattle and exported wool, mutton and beef. • Britain annexed New Zealand. Self-Government • 1907 New Zealanders won independence with their parliament, prime minister and elected legislature. • 1893- first nation to give suffrage to women. Passed laws for pensions and minimum wage.

22. Section 4 Economic Imperialism in Latin America

23. Lingering Political Problems • Simon Bolivar hoped to create strong ties among the nations of Latin America. Colonial Legacy • Though new constitutions guaranteed equality before the law, deep-rooted inequalities remained which limited voting rights and made racial prejudice wide spread. Instability • Nations weakened by regionalism- loyalty to a local area. • Local strong men called caudillos assembled private armies to resist the central government. • Ruling elite in Latin America were the conservatives who wanted to keep old tradition and the liberals who wanted laissez-faire economics, religious toleration, access to education and freedom of press.

24. Economics of Dependence • Latin America was economically dependent on Spain and Portugal, as colonies sent raw materials such as sugar, cotton or precious metals. • Economic Dependence occurs when less-developed nations export raw materials and commodities to industrial nations and import manufactured goods, capital, and technological know-how. Foreign Influence • 1800’s foreign goods flooded Latin America creating large profits. Economic Growth • With foreign capital some Latin American economies grew and developed mining and agriculture. Santa Anna and War • 1835- American settlers and Mexicans in Texas revolt. • 1845 the U.S annexed Texas. The Mexicans saw this as a declaration of war and the U.S defeated them and took half of their territory causing major problems between liberals and conservatives.

25. La Reforma • 1855- Benito Juarez seized power and opened an era of reform known as La Reforma. • Juarez elected president in 1861. He led Mexicans in battle against conservatives and French forces. Maximilian didn’t get a chance to rule over Mexico and Napoleon III’s attempts to make Maximilian president failed when he was captured and killed and Juarez was elected again in 1867. • Juarez helped unite Mexico, bring mestizos into political life and separate church and state.

26. Growth and Opression • Hero of the war against French General Porfirio Diaz gained power. He strengthened the army, local police and central government. • Mexico made many economic advances. • The rich prospered but Mexicans remained poor. • Many Natives fell into the peonage system, where hacienda owners would give workers advances on their wages and require them to stay on the hacienda until they had paid back what they owed. • 1910 Mexico plunged into a revolution.

27. The Monroe Doctrine • In 1823, James Monroe issued the Monroe Doctrine. Stated that the American continents are henceforth not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by any European powers. Expansion • The United States forced Cubans to add the Platt Amendment to their constitution. It gave the U.S naval bases in Cuba and the right to intervene in Cuban Affairs. Intervention • 1904- U.S issued the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine, which claimed “international police power” in the Western Hemisphere. Panama Canal • A canal would let the American fleet move swiftly between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans and protect its coast lines on either side of the continent. It would also reduce the cost of trade. • Panama Canal opened in 1914 and was a marvel, though Latin America considered it “Yankee Imperialism”.

28. Section 5 Impact of Imperialism

29. New Economic Patterns • People of Africa, Asia and Latin America provided agricultural goods, natural resources and cheap labor. • Europeans had to supply copper, rubber and coffee. • The money economy was an idea put forth by colonial rulers and imposed heavy taxes. Families were disturbed and many had to move because they had to work in mines or cities to earn more money. • Mass-produced goods from the industrialized world further disrupted traditional economies. When the demand and prices for crops or minerals were high, colonies prospered. When the demands and prices fell, people suffered. • Westerners laid groundwork for modern banking systems, introduced technology, modern communication and transportation networks.

30. Cultural Impact • As westerns conquered lands, they pressed subject people to accept modern ways, meaning their ideas. This pressing of their ideas was the impact of imperialism because people began to question their culture and leaders due to the pressing of these new modern ways. • Missionaries also spread western ideas and built schools and hospitals. • Imperialism allowed missionaries to spread Christianity across the globe. • With the force of new Western ways, many colonized people held on to some old traditions why blending them with new ideas creating a complicated blend. • Western cultures changed due to imperialism as well enjoying imported goods while exporting harvested goods.

31. QUESTIONS • Before Commodore Matthew Perry’s expedition to Japan in 1853, Japan was most influenced by • In Japan, the Meiji Restoration resulted in the: • An immediate result of Commodore Matthew Perry’s visit to Japan in 1853 was: • A major goal of the Meiji government in Japan was to: • Which statement best describes events in Japan during the period of the Meiji Restoration? • A primary purpose for building the Suez Canal was to: • An analysis of the Russo-Japanese War and the Boer War shows that one reason nations go to war is to: • In the past, European nations have conquered other lands, made them into colonies, and controlled their economies.Which term refers to the situation described in this statement? • During the 18th and 19th centuries, Europeans improved roads and bridges and built railroads in their colonies primarily to: • “Compared to other peoples of the world we have the greatest (largest) population and our civilization is four thousand years old…Today we are the poorest and weakest nation in the world and occupy the lowest position in international affairs. Other men are the carving knife and serving dish, we are the fish and the meat. As a consequence…we are being transformed everywhere into a colony of the foreign powers.”Which events formed the basis for the ideas expressed in this early 1900’s passage?

32. ANSWERS • Japan was greatly influenced by China during the Nara Period, during which time Chinese writing, music, art, philosophy, and crafts were adapted. •  Modernization of the nation’s industry. After being reinstated as the political leader of Japan after Commodore Perry’s visit in 1853, the Emperor Meiji feared that Japan would become a victim of Western imperialism as had happened to its neighbor China. Therefore, he set out on a program of rapid industrialization designed to put Japan on par with nations in the West. • The development of trade between Japan and the West. After Perry’s demonstration of American military prowess, Japan ceased to be isolated and began trading with the United States. • establish Japan as an industrial power. • Rapid industrialization and economic growth occurred. • 6. Increase trade between the Middle East, Europe and Asia. The Suez Canal was built to allow ships to move between the Mediterranean and Red Seas so that trade between the Middle East, Europe, and Asia could increase. • Satisfy imperialist goals. The Russo-Japanese war was a result of Japan’s need to acquire territory for natural resources. The same is true of the Boer War in South Africa between the Boers and the British, who were seeking to control important natural resources. • Imperialism. Imperialism is a foreign policy in which a more powerful nation takes control of a weaker nation, usually for economic benefit. • Obtain raw materials needed for industrialization. • Opium War and Boxer Rebellion. European actions during the Opium War resulted the establishment of European Spheres of Influence in China because Europeans did not wish to govern the populous country, but rather control trade to their own benefit. After the Boxer Rebellion was put down by Western forces, China was forced to accept Western dominance of their nation.

33. Information for the questions was found at regentsprep.org THE END