PROJECT

1. A ON PROJECT PRODUCTION CHANGING WITH TIME SUBMITTED BY: ALNKRITA BANSAL SUBMITTED TO: MR.Y.PANDEY

2. Mass Production In addition to inventing the cotton gin, Eli Whitney made another contribution to the factory system in 1798 by proposing the idea of interchangeable parts. Interchangeable parts make it possible to produce goods quickly because repairs and assembly can be done with previously manufactured, standard parts rather than with costly custom-made ones. This idea led to the development of the assembly line, where a product is manufactured in discrete stages. When one stage is complete, the product is passed to another station where the next stage of production is accomplished. In 1913 the American industrialist Henry Ford and his colleagues first introduced a conveyer belt to an assembly line for flywheel magnetos, a type of simple electric generator, more than tripling production. The assembly line driven by a conveyor belt was then implemented to manufacture the automobile body and motors.

3. OLD PRODUCTION

4. MODERN MASS PRODUCTION

5. LABOR MOVEMENTS Labor unions, associations of workers whose goal is to improve their economic conditions, originated in the craft guilds of 16th-century Europe. The modern labor movement, however, did not start until the late 19th-century, when reliable railroad systems were developed. Railroads brought materials from diverse locations for final manufacturing and assembly and created a large demand for industrial labor. Labor unions gained enormous strength after World War II (1939-1945) when the United States had both high inflation and a huge population of factory workers. This combination forced labor unions to negotiate for better contracts and wages, and they achieved significant influence in industry. Today fewer manufacturing jobs and the trend for factories to relocate to foreign countries have combined to diminish the strength of organized labor.

6. STEAM TURBINES

7. MILITARY OPERATIONS When the United States joined the Allies against Hitler in World War II, the country was in its 11th year of economic depression, 17 percent of the workforce was unemployed, and manufacturers were unprepared to mobilize for wartime production. President Franklin Delano Roosevelt succeeded in motivating the industrial complex to invest in new manufacturing facilities through a combination of generous business contracts, tax laws, and patriotism. By 1943 manufacturing capacity had increased dramatically: 10,000 military airplanes were produced a month, and it took only 69 days to build a warship. When World War II ended, the United States was the leading producer of manufactured goods. After the war, part of this vast military manufacturing capacity was converted to create consumer items such as automobiles, furniture, and televisions. The development of the Cold War between Communist and non-Communist powers was accompanied by a buildup of manufactured weapons such as fighter airplanes and bombers, submarines, missiles, and nuclear weapons. The shift to a military manufacturing base accelerated the development of space science and advanced electronics, particularly integrated circuitry, which would eventually become the processing engine for the modern personal computer. Computers, in turn, have helped increase the productivity of modern manufacturing plants because they enable automated design, production, and record keeping

9. IRON AND STEEL MANUFACTURE Iron manufacturing originated about 3500 years ago when iron ore was accidentally heated in the presence of charcoal. The oxygen-laden ore was reduced to a product similar to modern wrought iron. Today, iron is made from ore in blast furnaces. Oxygen and other elements are removed when the ore is mixed with coke (a material that contains mostly carbon) and limestone and is then blasted by hot air. The gases formed by the burning materials combine with the oxygen in the ore and reduce the ore to iron. This molten iron still contains many impurities, however. Steel is manufactured by first removing these impurities and then adding elements, predominantly carbon, in a controlled manner. Strong steels contain up to 2 percent carbon. The steel is then shaped into bars, plates, sheets, and such structural components as girders

11. TEXTILES Raw fibers of cotton, wool, or synthetic materials such as nylon and polyester go through a complex series of processes to form fabrics for apparel, home furnishings, and biomedical, recreation, and aerospace products. In most cases, loose tufts of fiber are straightened, and the thick ropelike slivers are thinned for spinning. In the spinning process, the fibers are twisted to add strength. Synthetic fibers are generally made in a continuous string, but sometimes they go through a texturing process to give them a natural appearance. These twisted fibers, known as yarns, are then woven or knitted into fabrics. Weaving is a process that interlaces two sets of yarns, the warp and filling, in a variety of patterns that impart design and different physical characteristics. Knitting is a technique that loops yarns together to form fabric. The fabrics are then dyed, and finishes applied.

14. LUMBER The logging industry includes felling, or cutting down, the timber; cutting it into lengths; and transporting it, usually by truck, to the sawmill. In a well-planned harvest, before the timber is felled, the forester—the person in charge of managing the forest—decides which trees will be cut and when (see Forestry). These decisions must be made within the context of the forester's overall responsibility for maintaining the quality of the forest as an ongoing resource. The forester and loggers then establish a network of roads and trails on which the timber will be transported. To protect the land, sensitive areas such as wetlands or steep terrain are avoided. Small streams may be spanned by temporary bridges made of logs. The transportation network connects to one or more clearings, called landings, where logs are sorted and piled for loading onto trucks. Landings are located in central locations easily accessed from public or private roads that can support truck traffic.

16. AUTOMOBILES The automobile was the first major manufactured item built by a mass production system using cost-effective assembly line techniques. Today, before an automobile reaches its final assembly point, subsystems, such as the engine, transmission, electrical components, and chassis, are fabricated from raw materials in other specialized facilities. The metallic automobile body parts are stamped and welded together by robots into a unibody, or one-piece, construction. This body is then dipped in a succession of chemical baths that rustproof and provide undercoat and paint treatments. During the final assembly, conveyor systems direct all of the components to stations along the production route. The engine, transmission, fuel tank, radiator, electrical systems, body panels and doors, suspension system, tires, and interior accessories are fastened to the chassis. Rigid quality-control standards at every step ensure that the completed vehicle is safe and built to specifications