Safety Management

1. Safety Management By Dr. Ali Saleh

2. Safety Management • Accidents, injuries, and loss events occur as a result of management deficiencies and reveal the existence of managerial and leadership problems.

3. Safety Management Key responsibilities of the management: 1. Organize the work so that it is safe • Develop a safety policy and strategy for your business. • A Safety Policy: a document which describes what steps you are taking to make sure that you are meeting your health and safety duties

4. Safety Management Policy statement should have: • General Statement of Intent • The company should accept ultimate responsibility for health and safety matters. The statement should be signed and dated. • Organization • List of health and safety responsibilities held by people in the company • Need to say who is responsible to whom and for what • Arrangements • what the company needs to do to comply with the law and stop people being injured at work • Legal requirements • Hazards and risks • Control methods

5. Safety Management 2. Health and safety assistance • The law requires a business to formally appoint someone to do this. • The owner • Employee from inside the business • External consultant • Need someone who knows and understands the work involved, assessing and preventing risk, up to date on health and safety and who can apply all this knowledge.

6. Safety Management 3. Provide adequate supervision • The amount of supervision depend on: • Type of work, • Hazard and degree of risk involved • Training and expertise of employees • Person in charge of work activities, will need to make regular workplace checks. • Managers may be personally liable if they did not provide adequate supervision.

7. Safety Management 4. Provide information, instruction and training • Information to be provided includes: • who is at risk and why • how to carry out specific tasks safely • correct operation of equipment • emergency action • accident and hazard reporting procedures • safety responsibilities of individual people • It can be given through: • simple instructions sessions • formal in-house training programme • training to be provided by external organizations

8. Safety Management • health, safety and environment Passports • shows that a worker has up-to-date basic health and safety or health, safety and environment awareness training.

9. Safety Management 5. Monitor and review of health and safety performance Established ways: • Hazard reporting procedures: formal or informal • Workplace inspections: inspect your workplace at regular intervals • Accident rates and investigation: if there is an accident at work it should always be investigated to learn how it can be avoided in the future • Health and safety audits: have, every 2–3 years a more detailed audit of your safety systems and how you are complying with the law. • Safety policy review: review the policy and revise it if necessary

10. Safety Management Two common forms of safety management: • Risk management: is a process of planning, organizing, directing and controlling activities which lead to the identification, assessment and control of risks in an organization. • Loss control: involves identifying and controlling weaknesses in a workplace system where there is potential for loss to people, equipment, and other resources.

11. Acceptable risk • A risk is considered to be acceptable when the money value of further control measures far outweighs the expected reduction in risk those measures would provide.

12. Risk Management Risks can be managed through: • Risk evaluation: the impact of each risk on the organization – assuming no control action has been taken – requires evaluation. Risks may be put in order of priority to decide when control action is required. • Risk avoidance: In this stage, risks are eliminated. e.g. avoiding back strain through the use of a mechanical aid.

13. Risk Management • Risk reduction: One method of reducing a risk is through engineering. • Risk retention: In cases where risk cannot be avoided, or reduced, risk may be retained and the cost absorbed by the organization (e.g. insurance). • Risk transfer: Risk transfer involves shifting the point of risk to other parties who are better equipped to control the risk.

14. Techniques used in risk management Step one • Consider the work systems within an organization and then at each department level. • Human resources • Equipment • Environment • Procedures • Supervision

15. Techniques used in risk management Step two • Identify the work areas or departments within your organization. Step three • Risks may be identified through employee identification of them, safety inspections, analysis or accident statistics, and near miss incident audits, checklists and reports.

16. Major areas of risk 1. Employees and management Management failure in the work system can take various forms. To prevent this type of risk: • Formalized procedures and correct use of personal protective equipment. • Enforcement of the health and safety policy and rules. • Regular reviews of all written systems of work. • Adequate training and instruction.

17. Employees and management • Safe equipment. • Clear and effective communication. • Checks that procedures are followed and review of these on a regular basis • Ongoing education and training • Competent supervision.

18. Major areas of risk 2. Equipment and machinery • e.g adequate guarding , appropriate for purpose, maintenance, standards and legislative requirements, safe working procedure, ergonomic issues.

19. Major areas of risk 3. Materials • E.g. housekeeping, disposal, work practices. 4. The environment • Hazards such as Chemical, Physical, Biological, Ergonomic, Electrical, Psychological. 5. Work practices • E.g Bad timing with process, unsafe work procedures, Work schedules, Inadequate storage space and housekeeping problems, Lack of job rotation, Repetitive actions in individual work tasks

20. Hazards control Hazard Control • Prevention requires a process that considers engineering, identifying unsafe conditions, correcting unsafe behaviors, analyzing hazard information, and ultimately controlling or correcting identified hazards. • Removing, replacing, controlling, correcting, or avoiding a single hazard can prevent the start of the accident generation cycle.

21. Hazards control Hazard Surveillance • Surveillance involves collecting and using employee data or information to determine trends, problems, and risks associated with hazards. • Passive surveillance — Involves utilizing existing data to describe past trends. such as access to employee medical records. • Active surveillance — Involves collecting data not currently documented to describe current trends and identify problem areas. such as questionnaires, screening, or surveys.

22. Hazards control Hazard Analysis • Hazard Analysis Questions: • Environment: Where did or could it happen? • Exposure: Who did or could it happen to? • Trigger: What precipitated the hazard? • Consequence: What outcome did or could occur? • Feeders: What are other contributing factors?

23. Hazards control Hazard Analysis Priorities: • Jobs with the highest injury or illness rates • Tasks with the potential to cause severe or disabling injuries or illness • Situations when simple human error could lead to a severe accident • Processes new to the organization • Areas with changes in processes and procedures • Complex tasks

24. Hazards control Job Hazard Analysis: is performed for any task, procedure, or equipment operation that could pose a risk to someone’s safety. • Step 1. Break Down the Job • Step 2. Identify Hazards: such as sharp corners, moving machine parts, Repetitive motions and lifting requirements, Environmental hazards

25. Hazards control • Step 3. Evaluate the Hazards: such as wearing the proper protective equipment, job safety training and supervision adequate. • Step 4. Implementing Safe Job Procedures: develop of safer job procedures • Step 5. Revising the Job Hazard Analysis • Review and update all job changes or process modifications.

26. Hazards control Types of Hazard Controls • Engineering Controls: The most preferred method for controlling hazards uses technological means to isolate or remove hazards from the workplace. e.g. use of systems to prevent needle sticks. • Work Practice Controls: in the form of safety rules, policies, and operating practices, reduce the likelihood of exposure to occupational hazards. e.g. prohibiting the recapping of needles, hand washing.

27. Types of Hazard Controls • Administrative Controls: These controls reduce or eliminate worker exposure by changing the duration, frequency, or severity of exposure. e.g rotating employees to jobs free of the specific hazard. • Personal Protective Equipment (PPE):Personal protective equipment remains the least preferred hazard control.

28. Understanding Accidents • An accident can be defined as an unplanned event that interferes with a job or task. Accident Prevention Principles • Identifying, evaluating, and correcting hazards and hazardous conditions. • must address human behavior (unpredictable) • must be organized, planned, and directed to achieve desired results. • Identifying causal factors. • Assessment of the effectiveness of hazard controls and the accident prevention.

29. Accident Causal Factors • Poor supervision • Worker job practices • Unsafe materials, tools, or equipment • Unsafe conditions

30. Near Hit (Near Miss) Events • A near miss is an event or situation that could have resulted in an accident, injury or illness, but did not, either by chance or through timely intervention. • Near misses are opportunities for learning • Accidents are often preceded by some kind of near miss involving unsafe conditions, someone’s unsafe actions, or a less severe injury.

31. Reasons for Not Reporting Near-Hit Events • People do not want to be blamed for problems or mistakes. • People do not want to be a “troublemaker”. • People are concerned that reporting a near-hit will result in more work.

32. Ways To Encourage Reporting Near Hits • Stay positive: make the process a positive experience. • Incentives • Anonymous reporting

33. Document All Events (incident report) • Date, time, and specific location of the incident/potential hazard • Detailed description of the incident or potential hazard. • Description of the factors that contributed to the near miss (unsafe conditions, unsafe actions, or a combination of the two).

34. Writing Investigation Reports 1. Background information • Where and when the accident occurred • Who and what were involved • Operating personnel and other witnesses 2. Account of the accident • Sequence of events • Extent of damage • Accident type • Agency or source (of energy or hazardous material)

35. Writing Investigation Reports 3. Discussion (analysis of the accident) • Direct causes (e.g., energy sources, hazardous materials) • Indirect causes (e.g., unsafe acts and conditions) • Basic causes (e.g., management policies, personal or environmental factors) 4. Recommendations (to prevent recurrence) • Basic causes • Indirect causes • Direct causes (e.g., reduced quantities of protective equipment or structures)