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The Roaring Twenties: American Politics, Culture, and the Legacy of Warren G. Harding

This review explores the significant political, social, and economic changes in America during the 1920s, highlighting Warren G. Harding's presidency and the concept of "Return to Normalcy." It addresses the controversies of his cabinet, the rise of radical foreign ideas, and the ensuing Red Scare, along with Prohibition's impact on society. The decade also saw cultural shifts with the Harlem Renaissance, the emergence of consumerism, and the influence of new technologies like radio and film. Key figures such as Calvin Coolidge and Herbert Hoover shaped the evolving political landscape leading to the Great Depression.

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The Roaring Twenties: American Politics, Culture, and the Legacy of Warren G. Harding

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  1. Pageant 32+33 Review

  2. Warren G. Harding • Elected in 1920 by promising “Return to Normalcy” • Suffered from a scandalous cabinet • Dies Aug 2, 1923

  3. American Attitudes • Denounced radical foreign ideas • Condemned un-American life-styles • Shunned diplomatic commitments to foreign countries • Restricted immigration

  4. Red Scare • Fear of international Communism • Lead to the Palmer Raids

  5. KKK • Anti- • Immigrant • Catholic • Jewish

  6. Immigration Quota System • Discriminated directly against southern and eastern Europeans

  7. Prohibition • Supported by the South and West • Supported by women's groups and business owners • Volstead Act met most resistance in Eastern cities

  8. Calvin Coolidge • Takes over when Harding dies • Former Governor of Massachusetts • Makes reputation by breaking the Boston police strike • Decides not to run in 1928

  9. Al Capone • Famous gangster • Ran operation in Chicago

  10. Flapper Girls • Symbolized the care free attitude of many

  11. Charles Lindbergh • First to fly solo across the Atlantic

  12. Scopes Trial • Dealt with teaching of evolution in public schools • Showcased differences between progressives and fundamentalists

  13. Consumer Debt • Involved with “prosperity” of decade • People buying many goods on credit • Buying on Margin- purchasing stock with little money down

  14. Henry Ford • Produced relatively cheap cars

  15. Automobile Revolution • Led to- • Consolidation of schools • Spread of suburbs • Loss of population in less attractive states • Altered youthful sexual behavior

  16. Radio and Motion Pictures • KDKA- first radio station (Pittsburgh) • Movies- talkies by the end of the decade • Caused a loss of the diversity of immigrant culture

  17. Harlem Renaissance • Flourishing of African American art, literature and music

  18. 1920s Census • Most people lived in cities

  19. Jobs for Women • Tended to cluster in a few low-paying fields

  20. Albert Fall • Harding’s Secretary of Interior • Involved in Teapot Dome Scandal- corrupt handling of naval oil reserves

  21. Economic Policies • Actively assisted business • Andrew Mellon- believed in rapid expansion of capital investing

  22. Muller and Adkins Cases • Focused on the treatment of women in the work place

  23. Disarmament • Businesspeople were unwilling to help pay for a larger US navy

  24. Kellogg-Briand Pact • Outlawed War as a solution to international rivalry

  25. Farmers • No more WWI government purchases • Mechanization was expensive, so farmers produced more • Set themselves up for disaster by overproducing

  26. Progressive Party • Hurt by the prosperity of the 1920s • People didn’t want economic change

  27. Fordney-McCumber Tariff • Increased tariff rates • Made it difficult for European nations to sell good in US • Unable to raise money to repay WW I loans

  28. WW I War Debts • US insisted GB and France pay debts in full • GB and France demanded reparation payments from Germany

  29. Washington Naval Conference • Set limits on naval tonnage- • Great Britain and US- 525,000 tons • Japan- 315,000 tons • Allowed Japan to fortify Eastern possessions

  30. 9 Power Treaty • Assured an Open Door with China

  31. Dawes Plan • US Banker make loans to Germany • Germany pays reparations to GB and France • GB and France pay WWI loans to US US Germany Great Britain + France

  32. Hawley Smoot Tariff • Deepened the world wide depression

  33. Reconstruction Finance Corporation • Established under Hoover to provide aid to business and local governments • Made loans to businesses and banks

  34. Bonus Expeditionary Force • Wanted payments for WW I service • Payments were not due until 1945

  35. Stimson Doctrine • US would not recognize territorial gains achieved by force

  36. Herbert Hoover • Easily defeats Alfred E. Smith in the election of 1928

  37. Hoover and the Great Depression • Offered federal assistance to businesses and banks, but not individuals

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