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January 10, 2011

NOTE: This is Handout #1 of 2 Be sure to also print out Handout #2. January 10, 2011. Nursing 330 Human Reproductive Health. Office Hours Mondays, 5:30pm – 6pm Room TBA Turnitin Course ID: 3734705 Password: NURS330 Course packets. Course Website Syllabus Reading Assignments

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January 10, 2011

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  1. NOTE:This is Handout #1 of 2Be sure to also print out Handout #2 January 10, 2011 Nursing 330 Human Reproductive Health

  2. Office Hours • Mondays, 5:30pm – 6pm • Room TBA • Turnitin • Course ID: 3734705 • Password: NURS330 • Course packets

  3. Course Website • Syllabus • Reading Assignments • Quarter Schedule • Evaluation Methods • Lecture Notes • Print out or download on to laptop • May be taken down at anytime so it is your responsibility to print or download before each lecture

  4. Important Dates Mid-term: February 7, 2011 EssayDue: February 14, 2011 • Electronically [Turnitin] • Hard Copy + Article [In Class] Extra Credit Due: February 21, 2011 Final Exam: March 7, 2011

  5. Puberty

  6. Puberty • Not a synonym for adolescence • Defined as the biological state when reproduction becomes possible • Refers to physical changes that occur during adolescence

  7. Puberty (cont) • Pubertal changes in girls begin between ages 9 and 14. • Pubertal changes in boys generally begin about 2 years later than in girls.

  8. Physical occurrences from puberty • Growth Spurt • The primary sex characteristics develop • The secondary sex characteristics develop

  9. Growth Spurt 1. Limbs 2. Body’s trunk 3. Shoulders and chest • Bones become harder and more dense • Muscle and fat contribute to an adolescent increase in weight

  10. Girls Develop Breast Acquire Hips Higher fat to muscle ratio Boys Wider shoulders More muscular neck Lose fat during adolescence Body Composition

  11. Primary Sex Characteristics • Differences in male and female anatomy which are present at birth • –ovaries and testes • Defined as the change necessary to prepare girls’ and boys’ bodies to produce children • Marker events • Girls • Menarche • Boys • Spermarche • As the primary sex organs mature, the secondary sex characteristics distinguish males from females

  12. Secondary Sex Characteristics • Defined as changes that make boys and girls look like mature men and women • Girls -Breast Development -Body Odor -Body fat -Body Hair • Boys -Voice Deepens -Body Odor -Shoulders broaden -Body Hair

  13. Tanner Classification of Sexual Maturity • Puberty is divided into five stages, called Tanner Stages (numbered 1-5). Each stage represents the extent of breast, pubic and genital hair growth.

  14. Phases of Development - girls

  15. Phases of Development - boys

  16. Nocturnal Emissions • Aka • Wet Dreams • Involuntary Orgasm • An ejaculation of semen experienced during sleep

  17. DISCUSSION QUESTION

  18. Hormones • Estrogen • Responsible for many changes that occur during puberty. • Cause the breasts, uterus, and vagina to mature and the body to take feminine proportions • Contribute to regulation of the menstrual cycle • Testosterone • Responsible for changes of male puberty • Leads to muscle growth, body and facial hair, and other male sex characteristics • Contributes to gains in body size

  19. Sexual Anatomy & Physiology

  20. Female Sex Organs: • All embryos appear as female at first. Genetic and hormonal signals trigger the development of male organs in those embryos destined to be male. • Sex organs serve a reproductive purpose, but they perform other functions also: giving pleasure, attracting sex partners, and bonding in relationships.

  21. Vulva • The external female genitals are known collectively as the vulva. It includes: • Mons pubis • Clitoris • Clitoral Hood (or Prepuce) • Labia Majora • Labia Minora • Urethral Opening • Anus

  22. Vulva (cont) • mons pubis is a pad of fatty tissue that covers the area of the pubic bone. • clitoris is the center of sexual arousal in the female. • labia majora (outer lips) are two folds of spongy flesh extending from the mons pubis and enclosing the other external genitals. • labia minora (inner lips) are smooth, hairless folds within the labia majora that meet above the clitoris.

  23. Diagram of the Female Reproductive System (external view)

  24. Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) • aka Female Circumcision • What is it? • Types • Areas where it is practiced

  25. What is FGM?

  26. Types of FGM • Type I • excision of the prepuce, with or without excision of part or all of the clitoris • Type II • excision of the clitoris with partial or total excision of the labia minora

  27. Types of FGM (cont) • Type III • Aka infibulation; the most extreme • excision of part or all of the external genitalia and stitching/narrowing of the vaginal opening • Type IV • pricking, piercing or incising of the clitoris and/or labia; stretching of the clitoris and/or labia; cauterization by burning of the clitoris and surrounding tissue

  28. Where is FGM practiced?

  29. Why is FGM practiced?

  30. Internal Organs The internal female sexual structures and reproductive organs include: • Vagina • Uterus • Cervix • Ovaries • Fallopian tubes

  31. The Vagina • A flexible muscular organ, approximately 3-4 inches long (in unaroused state) that has the vaginal opening at one end and the cervix at the other. • Purpose of the vagina: • Menstruation • Childbirth • Intercourse

  32. The Vagina (cont) • Introitus or Vaginal Os • The opening of the vagina • Hymen • a thin, perforated membrane, that covers the introitus prior to first intercourse or other intrusion. • a Greek word meaning "virginal membrane" or "thin skin".

  33. Cervix • Located between the vagina and the uterus • Cervical Os • Opening to the vagina • Allows menstrual blood to flow out of the uterus into the vagina

  34. Uterus • Also known as the womb • A pear-shaped organ located between the bladder and the lower intestine • Consists of three parts • Body of the uterus (about the size of a fist in a non-pregnant female) • Cervix • Fundus • Endometrium • Lining of the uterus • is built up and then shed and expelled through the cervical os (opening) during menstruation.

  35. Ovaries • Egg-producing organs • Hold between 200,000 and 400,000 follicles (sacks) • Found on each side of the uterus

  36. Fallopian Tube • Also known as the Uterine Tube or Oviduct • Two leading off each side of the uterus • Site of fertilization

  37. Diagram of the Female Reproductive System (internal view)

  38. Female Reproductive System • Use handout from course pack to identify: • Page 13 Anus Rectum Bladder Urethra Cervix Uterus Fallopian tube Vagina/Vaginal Ovary Opening

  39. G-Spot • Controversial research has posited the existence of an erotically sensitive area, the Grafenberg spot (G-spot), on the front wall of the vagina midway between the introitus and the cervix.

  40. Female Sexual Physiology • At birth, the human female’s ovaries contain 400,000-700,000 female gametes (sex cells). • During puberty hormones trigger the completion of oogenesis, the production of oocytes, commonly called eggs or ova.

  41. The Menstrual Cycle • Follicular (Proliferative) phase • Days 1 through 6 • Beginning of menstrual flow to end of blood flow • Days 7 – 13 endometrium thickens • Luteal (Secretory) phase • aka premenstrual phase • Days 15 to 28 • The endometrium thickens to prepare the egg for implantation • These two phases are separated by: • Ovulation • Day 14

  42. Ovulation • The process in the menstrual cycle by which a mature ovarian follicle ruptures and releases an ovum (also known as an egg or an oocyte) • The released egg, unless fertilized, only lasts 12 to 24 hours.

  43. Menstrual Cycle • Order of the Menstrual Cycle: • Menstrual → Proliferative → Secretory • The menstrual cycle is divided into 3 phases. 1. Menstruation 2. Proliferative Phase: Endometrial tissue builds up during this phase 3. Secretory Phase: Produces nutrients to sustain an embryo

  44. Corpus Luteum • A mound of yellow tissue • Develops as a result of the ruptured follicle • During pregnancy, it serves to produce estrogen and progesterone

  45. If fertilization occurs, • Fertilized egg attaches to blanket of blood vessels which supplies nutrients for the developing placenta. Corpus luteum continues to produce estrogen and progesterone. • If fertilization does NOT occur: • Corpus luteum deteriorates. Estrogen and progesterone levels drop. The blood vessel lining sloughs off and menstruation begins.

  46. Hormones • Hormones are chemical substances that serve as messengers, traveling through the bloodstream.

  47. Hormones • Pituitary Hormones • Luteinizing Hormone (LH) • Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) • Ovarian Hormomes • Estrogen • Progesterone

  48. Reaches uterus about 2-4 days after ovulation Movesslowlytowarduterus Sweptinto fallopian tube Releasedfrom follicle The Path of the Egg • Released from follicle • Swept into fallopian tube • Moves slowly toward uterus • Reaches uterus in about 4 days The egg, unless fertilized, only survives 12-24 hours.

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