1607-1763

1. 1607-1763 Part 2

2. Early Colonial Settlementand Society • Portugal and Spain rigid societies • Slavery ended in Brazil 1881 • Spain: Vice Royalties, Viceroys, Audiencias • The only European country to find true wealth • Society very rigid • Women little freedom • Creoles, Mestizos, Mulattos • A true blending of cultures

3. The Dutch and New Netherlands Had trading posts along the Hudson Bay, etc Experimented with colonization in New Netherlands New Amsterdam: First permanent Dutch colony in New World…much toleration, freedom The Patroon System Dutch were ousted by the English in later 1680’s by the Duke of York = New York Dutch smugglers had make it impossible for the English to enforce their colonial trade regulations

4. The Swedes and Palantine Germans Germans brought the Conestoga Wagon (Prairie Schooner) The Swedes ax, log cabin, Pennsylvania rifle

5. The French First permanent French Colony in New World was Quebec 1608 Very small and slow-growing Huguenots settled in the Carolinas Society not as free as the Dutch and English but much freer than Spain and Portugal

6. The Scotch-Irish Settled in the Va. Backcountry Had been ruined by the English version of mercantilism (the wool trade) Were as ruthless toward Native Americans as they had been to the Irish

7. The English Motives: Wealth, religion, beggars, convicts, idle women, land, primogeniture, entail Economic problems made people move out War created taxes Population explosion but fewer farms and higher food prices (enclosure) Highwaymen: large force of unemployed farm workers were wandering the countryside 1601 Queen Elizabeth’s Poor Laws were draining the treasury

8. The English Cabot brothers explored for the English (1497) Henry VIII not much interest Elizabeth I encouraged private enterprise English colonies were founded with little help or interference from the crown Different for Spain and France

9. English advantages in Colonization More capital for investment by private co’s like merchant companies (Dutch too) due to larger middle class Greater social mobility Relative freedom for women Lust for land Government let religious dissenters go Government encouraged permanent settlement

10. The English Self government allowed: Mayflower Compact, Virginia House of Burgesses, growing religious tolerance especially after William and Mary signed the English Bill of Rights during the Glorious Revolution

11. Early English Attempts Queen Elizabeth 1 and Sir Walter Raleigh (and Sir Francis Drake and others) 1583 Sir Humphrey Gilbert ( partnered with ½ brother-Raleigh) took an expedition to Newfoundland and traveled down the coast but was lost at sea. Raleigh failed to get $ from Elizabeth but claimed the land as Virginia anyway.

12. Early English Attempts 1585 Raleigh’s cousin and new partner…Sir Grenville settled a small group at Roanoke in N. Carolina. They terrorized the Indians before they left for more supplies. Drake arrived some months later with supplies but the settlers decided not to stay and went back to England

13. Roanoke • Raleigh made one more attempt (on his coin) It will bankrupt him • 1587 Raleigh brought 91 men 17 women and 9 children to Roanoke. • Virginia Dare was born there…first European child to be born in the New World. • Habitations were built, some crops planted and Raleigh went back for supplies promising to return within a few months

14. Roanoke • Before the ship left for England the settlers were told to carve a message on a certain tree if they had to relocate. If they had to leave in a hurry, they were to carve a cross in the tree… • When the ship returned to England, Elizabeth would not allow it to return with supplies to America until 1590. • She needed all of her ships and men to fight the Spanish in the War of the Spanish Armada (1588)

15. Roanoke • In 1590, Virginia Dare’s grandfather hired a ship going to the west Indies to stop at Roanoke. • No one was there! Carved on the tree was CROA • There WAS a tribe nearby called the Croatoans • Did they join the tribe? Did the Croatoans attack them?

16. Roanoke • A true History Mystery… • The ship captain refused to stay and help to look so grandpa got onto the ship and went to the West Indies and no one else ever went back to look • BUT later… reports of Native Americans using certain English words…reports of blond Indians

17. 1606 King James … • Issued charters to two merchant companies to settle in the New World. • Private investors could raise large sums of $ to finance such ventures • The London Company to settle in the Southern Region • The Plymouth Company to settle in the Northern Region

18. 1607 Jamestown: the first permanent English colony in the New World • The London Co. (later will be called the Virginia Co.) sent 144 men on three ships to Virginia • The Godspeed, Susan Constant, and the Discovery • These men were young and in good physical shape and were indentured servants • Only 104 survived the trip

19. Jamestown, Va. • The London Co. had hoped that these men would be able to mine gold, silver, and other precious metals • They wanted the same kind of wealth that Spain had found • When the ship landed, it was too late in the season to plant. These were not landless farmers anyway.

20. Jamestown • They did not know how to hunt, fish and were not sure what plants were safe to eat. • They settled in a malaria swamp in the Chesapeake Bay Area • By 1608 only 38 survived (cannibalism) • Religion was not a factor in this settlement. • All men had agreed to attend the Anglican Church

21. Captain John Smith • Arrived and organized the men into work parties for farming and minin g. • He taught them to hunt, fish and deal with the natives Less that a dozen died the next winter but Smith went back to England to be treated for powder burns

22. In the Meantime… • The London Co. investors wanted to see some profit. • 600 more people were sent to Jamestown in 1609 along with a ship full of supplies (which sunk on the way) • More died of starvation and malaria

23. The London Co. • Believed that the settlers were slackers so they sent Sir Thomas Dale to supervise • Dales 3 rules: • No slacking • No dealing with the Indians • No sweating • Violations were punishable by death

24. Jamestown • Even Dale could not save Jamestown • John Rolfe saved it by introducing a mild form of West Indian tobacco to the land in 1611 • Tobacco caught on but by the time it was a money-maker, the London Co. was SOL because the original indentured period had passed

25. Jamestown • So…The London Co. renamed itself the Virginia Co. and hoped to still make a profit by attracting more settlers to colonize • They offered a Headright system Similar to the Dutch Patroon System…(55 to 100 acres of land for nothing. One could get a deed for the land if they established boundaries, planted crops and built a habitation.

26. 1619 • The Virginia Co sent 100 women to Va. who could be purchased for 120 pounds of tobacco! • Also, in 1619, a Dutch ship brought 19 African slaves to Va for sale. No one wanted them! They preferred Indentured servants…the Dutch ship had loaded up with other supplies so the Africans simply wandered away!

27. Indentured Servitude • Was the preferred form of unfree labor in the first 3 quarters of the 17th Century. • Slavery will begin to replace indentured servitude after Bacon’s Rebellion (1676) • Tobacco exhausted the land but was the main export crop in the 18th C.

28. Bacon’s Rebellion • 1622 The Virginia Co. went broke • 1624 Virginia became a Royal colony • 1642 Governor Berkley (a royal governor representing the crown) was sent to rule Va.) • Berkley and his friends (called the Green Spring Group) cut deals with the Indians at the expense of the frontiersmen

29. Bacon’s Rebellion • Va. Grew rapidly • By 1660 40,000 were there • Rapid growth was a problem because more land was needed and the Native Americans were constantly on the attack • 1673 Nathaniel Bacon arrived

30. Bacon’s Rebellion • Bacon was country gentry and was miffed when not invited to join the Green Spring Group • His farm was hit by Indian attacks and he insisted that Berkley do something about it • Berkley refused • Bacon formed his own army (neighbors and indentured workers)

31. Bacon’s Rebellion • Berkley called Bacon “a rebel” and Bacon’s army attacked Jamestown…burned it to the ground • Berkley went into hiding and then… • Bacon dropped dead of dysentry (not pretty) • Why was this important?

32. Results of Bacon’s Rebellion • Since Bacon’s army was made up of Indentured Servants, many believed that African slaves would be less dangerous and easier to control. • So…slavery began to replace indentured servitude

33. The Importance of Bacon’s Rebellion • Bacon’s Rebellion reflected conflict on 3 levels: • The colonists v the Native Americans • The colonists v British authority • The rural population and the urbanites

34. Jamestown • The Virginia Co. also offered limited Self-Government leading to : • The Virginia House of Burgesses (1619): the first legislative body in the colonies