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Medical Mycology

Medical Mycology. Mycology. Study of fungi Fungi found every where. Fungi (fungus). Fungi first appeared approximately 1.5 billion years ago 100, 000 known fungal species Estimated number 1 to 10 million fungal species 1000 to 1500 new species every year. Fungal mycelium.

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Medical Mycology

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  1. Medical Mycology

  2. Mycology • Study of fungi • Fungi found every where

  3. Fungi (fungus) • Fungi first appeared approximately 1.5 billion years ago • 100, 000 known fungal species • Estimated number 1 to 10 million fungal species • 1000 to 1500 new species every year

  4. Fungal mycelium

  5. Fungi and disease • The vast majority of fungi are not associated with disease, and many are saprophytic • Around 500 species are associated with human and animal infections • Plant fungal pathogens both destroy crops and generate mycotoxins

  6. Fungal infections are becoming more important!! • Human fungal diseases became a serious problem only during the 20th and 21st centuries • Increased efficiency in treating bacterial infections • Growth in the number immunodeficient patients • Increasing use of indwelling medical devices

  7. Most important • The most common human fungal pathogens are: • Candida albicans • Cryptococcus neoformans • Aspergillusfumigatus

  8. Where are fungi? • The 5 Kingdoms or Phyla system • Bacteria (heterophilic) • Protista (unicellular) • Animalia • Fungi (heterophilic) • Plantae (photosynthesis)

  9. Main characteristics of fungi • DNA in nucleus, chromosomes • Mitosis and meiosis • Mitochondria • Chitin and glucan in cell wall • In sensitive to antibiotics

  10. Morphology of fungi? • Or chains of cells (hyphae) • Fungi can exist as single cells (yeast)

  11. Morphology • Filamentous • Yeast • Dimorphic

  12. Yeast culture

  13. Yeast culture

  14. Filamentous culture

  15. Multicellular filamentous mould

  16. Yeast fungus Filamentous fungus

  17. Dimorphic fungus in brain tissue

  18. Physiology • Temperature • Nutrition • Respiration • Reproduction

  19. Where do fungi live?

  20. Helpful fungi: In every day life • Nitrogen and Carbon • Mushrooms and Quorn • Saccharomycescerevisiae • Aspergillusoryzaeand Aspergillusniger • Flavours and vitamins • Penicillin and cyclosporine • Molecular cloning and cancer research

  21. Section two Fungal Infections and Pathogenesis

  22. Fungal infections • Caused by only ≈ 500 species out of 100,000 • Primary infections • Opportunistic infections • Myco-toxins • Allergy

  23. Mycoses • Superficial and cutaneous • Subcutaneous • Deep (systemic)

  24. Examples of yeast of medical importance • Candida species • Cryptococcus neoformans • Malasseziaspecies

  25. Examples of moulds of medical importance • Dermatophytes • Aspergillus species • Zygomycetes

  26. Examples of dimorphic fungi of medical importance • Blastomycesdermatitidis • Histoplasma species • Coccidioidesimmitis • Paracoccidioidesbrasiliensis

  27. Superficial and CutaneousMycoses • Skin, hair, nail and mucus membranes • Most common • World-wide • Yeast infections due to Candida and Malassezia • Ringworm infections due to Dermatophytes

  28. pityriasisversicolor caused by Malasseziaspecies

  29. pityriasisversicolor Directexamination

  30. Tineanigra

  31. Tineanigra Skin scrapings

  32. Superficial Candida infections • Oro-pharyngeal candidosis • Vaginal candidosis • Cutaneouscandidosis • Candida nail infection

  33. Pseudomembranous oral candidosis Oral thrush

  34. Intertrigo caused by Canddia albicans

  35. Candida diaper dermatitis This condition should not be considered a primary Candida infection as it preceded by an irritant dermatitis

  36. Dematophytoses • Ringworm (hair and skin) • Favus (hair) • Onychomycosis (nail)

  37. Dermatophytosis Dermatophytosis caused by M. canisfollowing contact with infectious cat

  38. Dermatophytosis direct skin examination

  39. Dermatophytosis

  40. Fungal nail infection

  41. Subcutaneous Mycoses • Skin, subcutaneous tissues, fascia and bone • Localized • Trauma • More in tropics • Mycetoma, chromomycosis and sporotrichosis

  42. Mycetoma

  43. Mycetoma

  44. Sporotrichosis A 60-year-old woman developed multiple subcutaneous nodules and abscesses on her right hand and forearm 7 days after finger thorn prick

  45. Classical Chromoblastomycosis: Fonsecaea pedrosoi De Hoog,Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures

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