Urbanization, Temperance Movement, and Social Reform in Mid-1800s America

1. Cities grew rapidly during the mid-1800s due to immigration and the migration of rural inhabitants to urban areas • The social reform effort that encouraged people to use self-discipline to stop drinking hard liquor was the Temperance movement

2. During the 1840s, more than 1 million people died of starvation and disease in Ireland as a result of a potato blight. • The common-school movement got its name from the effort to have all children, regardless of their class or background, educated in a common place • In 1855 African Americans were allowed to attend white schools in Boston.

3. Former slaves who contributed to the antislavery cause were Frederick Douglass, Sojourner Truth, and Harriet Tubman. • Harriet Tubman was one of the leaders of the Underground Railroad. • Underground R.R.-a network of people who arranged transportation and hiding places for fugitive slaves

4. . An important African American leader who published the pro-abolition paper North Star was Frederick Douglass

5. White northerners’ opposition to the abolition movement tended to center on the belief that African Americans should not receive equal treatment and that freed slaves would take jobs away from white northerners.

6. Many native-born American citizens felt threatened by immigrants because of their different cultural and religious backgrounds and the economic competition they presented. • German immigrants were more likely than Irish immigrants to settle in rural areas

7. Susan B. Anthony led a campaign to change laws regarding women’s property rights

8. Appeal to the Christian Women of the South was written in 1836 by Angelina Grimké. • Angelina and Sarah Grimké joined the antislavery movement after they rejected the views of their southern, slaveholding family

9. The purpose of the American Temperance Society and the American Temperance Union was to urge people to give up or to limit the consumption of alcohol