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Organic Chemistry

Learn about the study of carbon compounds in organic chemistry, their versatility and stability, and their wide range of properties. Understand the significance of carbon bonding, the complexity of organic structures, and explore everyday applications in medicine, food, genetics, and consumer products.

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Organic Chemistry

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  1. Organic Chemistry Dr. Walker

  2. What is Organic Chemistry? • Organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds. • Organic compounds have carbon AND hydrogen • Carbon Dioxide is NOT organic • The versatility and stability of carbon’s molecular structures provides the enormous range of properties of its compounds. • Carbon can bond to other carbons • Reason for the degree of structural complexity

  3. Ridiculous Complexity Palytoxin – made by species of some species of seaweed and coral Synthesized by Kishi, et. al. at Harvard in 1994

  4. Organic Chemistry • Carbon • Has 4 valence electrons • Makes 4 covalent bonds to fill its octet • Can include double and triple bonds • Hydrocarbon • Compound with only carbon and hydrogen

  5. Organic Chemistry in Everyday Life • Smells & tastes: fruits, fish, mint • Medications: aspirin, Tylenol, decongestants, sedatives, insulin • Addictive substances: caffeine, nicotine, alcohol, narcotics • Hormones/Neurotransmitters: adrenaline, dopamine, serotonin • Food: carbohydrates, protein, fat, vitamins • Genetics: DNA, RNA • Consumer products: plastics, nylon, rayon, polyester

  6. Organic Materials • Addition to previous notes • Before, it was stated that covalent compounds were mostly liquid/gas at room temp • This is primarily for binary compounds (2 elements) • More complicated structures can be solid at room temp

  7. General Formulas • Alkanes • Contains only single bonds • Cx H2x+2 • Alkenes • Contains at least one double bond • Alkynes • Contains at least one triple bond • Alkenes and Alkynes are more reactive than alkanes

  8. Saturation • Saturated: a carbon chain contains as many hydrogens as possible. • Saturated compounds contain only single C-H bonds. Alkanes are saturated. • Unsaturated means that a carbon chain contains at least one multiple (double or triple) bond. • Alkene = double bond • Alkyne = triple bond

  9. Hydrocarbons .

  10. Structure and Physical Properties • Larger molar mass = higher boiling point • Bigger compound – higher boiling point Methane 16 g/mol -161.5oC Propane 44 g/mol -42.1oC Ethane 30 g/mol -88.6oC Butane 58 g/mol -0.5oC

  11. Petrochemicals • Simple, small hydrocarbons are petrochemicals • Chemicals isolated from crude oil (petroleum) • Octane – used in gasoline • Propane – used in grills, heaters, etc. • Butane – lighter fluid

  12. Functional Groups • Functional Group – group of atoms which control how the molecule reacts

  13. Polymers Polymers Large molecules with many, many repeating units, made from smaller molecules Polyethylene

  14. Polymers • Nylon, Kevlar, and PVC are other examples of manmade polymers Nylon PVC (polyvinyl chloride)

  15. Natural Polymers RNA Proteins

  16. Natural Polymers Polysaccharides DNA

  17. Pharmaceuticals • Most pharmaceuticals are complex, organic molecules • Can be natural or manmade Acetaminophen (aka Tylenol) penicillin aspirin

  18. Terms To Know • Hydrocarbon • Alkane • Alkene • Alkyne • Saturated • Unsaturated • Petrochemicals • Functional Group • Polymers

  19. Skills To Master • Differentiating alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes • Differentiating saturated and unsaturated compounds • Differentiating natural polymers and manmade polymers • Recognizing common pharmaceuticals

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