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Number Words’ Frequency in Modern Lithuanian

Number Words’ Frequency in Modern Lithuanian. Adriano Cerri University of Pisa, Department of Linguistics adriano.cerri@for.unipi.it. Introduction. Methodology. Data & Remarks. Conclusions. Future directions of study. History. Etymology. Numerals. Linguistic typology. Anthropology.

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Number Words’ Frequency in Modern Lithuanian

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  1. Number Words’ Frequency in Modern Lithuanian Adriano Cerri University of Pisa, Department of Linguistics adriano.cerri@for.unipi.it

  2. Introduction Methodology Data & Remarks Conclusions Future directions of study

  3. History Etymology Numerals Linguistic typology Anthropology Quantitative studies Psychology

  4. Numerals in many of the world’s languages(cf. Stampe 1976, Greenberg 1978): they are part of a system they play different roles (simple units, main bases, secondary bases, upper units, etc.) ? Number words’ frequency

  5. Basic questions Are numerals used with random frequency? If a pattern of use emerge, how can this pattern be understood within the structure of the system?

  6. Introduction Methodology Data & Remarks Conclusions Future directions of study

  7. Target language: Modern Lithuanian Useful tools: - L. Grumadienė & V. Žilinskienė (1997-1998), Dažninis dabartinės rašomosios lietuvių kalbos žodynas [Frequency Dictionary of Modern Written Lithuanian] A. Utka (2009), Dažninis rašytinės lietuvių kalbos žodynas [Frequency Dictionary of Written Lithuanian] Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos tekstynas [Corpus of Contemporary Lithuanian Language (CCLL)] donelaitis.vdu.lt Lietuvių mokslo kalbos tekstynas [Corpus Academicum Lithuanicum (CorALit)]coralit.lt

  8. The Dictionaries: Advantages NOM.M penki tot. occ.: 187 M. F. NOM. penki penkios GEN. penkių DAT. penkiems penkioms ACC. penkis penkias INS. penkiais penkiomis LOC. penkiuose penkiose

  9. The Dictionaries: Limits Consequence: complex numerals are not represented, their single components are over represented Complex numerals (two or more number words, e.g. du šimtai septyniasdešimt trys «273») are not registered as a single numeral, but their components are counted separately (e.g. 2 – 100 – 70 – 3) Original database on number words’ frequency using the CCLL

  10. Total: 27.730 Search: Simple numerals (e.g. keturi «4»)

  11. Search: Complex numerals(e.g. dvidešimt penki «25»)

  12. Search: Complex numerals(e.g. dvidešimt penki «25») s studentų grupę iš visos Europos. Dvidešimt penki instrumentalistai dirba dra iai daugiau nei kitam mirtingajam ( dvidešimt penki lavonai vardan grožio!). Pe d, jo nuomone, Lietuvoje yra kokie dvidešimt penki verti dėmesio skulptoriai i 3, penkiolika futbolininkų - po 2, dvidešimt penki - po 1. Šį savaitgalį ir tau, kad meluoji! Buvo mažiausiai dvidešimt penki gorčiai, tik išmatavome neg dalyvavo trisdešimt trys teatrai. Dvidešimt penki iš jų vaidino lietuvių, o a iu tuos tris šimtus metrų, turėsiu dvidešimt progų tuo įsitikinti: penki jūsų s imk savo pelną. O tas pelnas buvo dvidešimt penki kartai, kuriuos jis visados iesiausias kelias į Daugpilį - vos dvidešimt penki kilometrai. Tačiau ten Riman i tai, kas priklauso. ­ Priklausė dvidešimt penki kirčiai, kuriuos jis labai s kiekvienais metais ne mažiau kaip dvidešimt penki milijardai dolerių pervedami į kompaktinių diskų dežėles (telpa dvidešimt penki sargiai). Dar roskildiečiai jį automobilio modelį - "Carisma". Dvidešimt penki šalies gyventojai, savo lan iaus ir D.Girėno skrydžiu, kai "... dvidešimt penki tūkstančiai lietuvių nesulau nkauskui. "Senukų" asortimentas - dvidešimt penki tūkstančiai prekių: vakariet ltūros skyriaus ataskaitoje... Dvidešimt penki žymiausi įvairių kartų Balta jo pulko karininkų buvo areštuoti dvidešimt septyni, taip pat penki puskarinin

  13. Search: Complex numerals(e.g. dvidešimt penki «25»)

  14. Introduction Methodology Data & Remarks Conclusions Future directions of study

  15. Table 1. Counting of number words’ occurrences in the Corpus of Contemporary Lithuanian Language (CCLL)

  16. Chart 1.Number words’ occurrences in the Corpus of Contemporary Lithuanian Language (CCLL)

  17. Chart 2. Numerals 1-9 Trend: Frequency lowers as numerical value increases (Cf. Hurford (1987: 91) for Modern English)

  18. Chart 3. The tens

  19. Chart 4. The series of round numerals

  20. Chart 5. Numerals 11-19

  21. Chart 6. Numerals 21-29

  22. Chart 7. The ‘peaks’ of frequency Correspondence between the structural role of a numeral, its cognitive salience and its frequency of use

  23. Charts 2 and 3. The base (10) of the system is a upper-level unit

  24. Introduction Methodology Data & Remarks Conclusions Future directions of study

  25. Main results: • Lithuanian number words are not used with random frequency • Trend: within each cycle, the lower the numeral is, the higher its frequency • Frequency can be subject to comparative predictions (e.g. frequency 4 > 9) • The cycle 1-9 serves as a basic model ruled by the above-mentioned trend • The whole system proceeds by reproducing the basic model

  26. Main results: • Vienas «1» is the most frequently used numeral • It serves as a model for those numerals sharing the semantic trait of «unity» (10, 100, 1000 etc.) • A correspondence is shown between the structural role of a numeral, its cognitive salience and its frequency of use • ‘Round’ numerals attract a higher number of occurrences

  27. Round numerals fulfil the universal need of ‘milestones’ along the endless path of numbers • more salient • more frequent • more suitable for approximate uses (to ‘round off’ a quantity)

  28. Introduction Methodology Data & Remarks Conclusions Future directions of study

  29. Cross-linguistic perspective: a ‘frequency typology’ of numerals? Other languages, especially non-decimal ones What is culturally determined? What is universal?

  30. References Bybee & Hopper (eds., 2001) – Frequency and Emergence of Linguistic Structure. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Bybee (2007) – Frequency of Use and the Organization of Language. Oxford: Oxford University Press. CCLL – Corpus of Contemporary Lithuanian Language / Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos tekstynas, http://donelaitis.vdu.lt. CorALit – Corpus Academicum Lithuanicum / Lietuvių mokslo kalbos tekstynas,http://coralit.lt. Greenberg (1978) – Generalizations about numeral systems. J.H. Greenberg, C.A. Ferguson, E.A. Moravcsick (eds.). Universals of human language 3: Word structure. Standford: Standford University Press, 249-295. Grumadienė & Žilinskienė (1997) – Dažninis dabartinės rašomosios lietuvių kalbos žodynas (mažėjančio dažnio tvarka). Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas, Matematikos ir informatikos institutas. Grumadienė & Žilinskienė (1998) – Dažninis dabartinės rašomosios lietuvių kalbos žodynas (abėcėlės tvarka). Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas, Matematikos ir informatikos institutas. Hurford (1987) – Language and Number: The Emergence of a Cognitive System. Oxford: Basil Blackwell. Kaufman, Lord, Reese & Volkmann (1949) – The Discrimination of Visual Number. American Journal of Psychology, 62 (4), 498-525. Mandler & Shebo (1982) – Subitizing: an Analysis of its Component Processes. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 111, 1-22. Rūķe-Draviņa (1979) – On numerals in Baltic and Slavic languages. Acta Baltico-Slavica, 12, 53-66. Stampe 1976 – Cardinal Number Systems. S.S. Mufwene, C.A. Walker, S.B. Steever (eds.). Papers from the Twelfth Regional Meeting of the Chicago Linguistic Society. Chicago: Chicago Linguistic Society, 594-609. Thorndike & Lorge (1944) –The Teacher’s Word Book of 30.000 Words. New York: Columbia University Teachers’ College. Trick & Pylyshyn (1994) – Why are small and large numbers enumerated differently? A limited-capacity preattentive stage in vision. Psychological Review, 101 (1), 80-102. Utka (2009) –Dažninis rašytinės lietuvių kalbos žodynas. Kaunas: VDU leidykla.

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