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Hazardous Waste Management

Hazardous Waste Management. ENVM 649: Principles of Waste Management and Pollution Control Dr. Robert Beauchamp. DEFINING CHEMICAL HAZARDOUS WASTE:. QUALITATIVE DESCRIPTION BY ORIGIN, TYPE, AND CONSTITUENTS. CHARACTERISTICS BASED UPON TESTING PROCEDURES.

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Hazardous Waste Management

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  1. Hazardous Waste Management ENVM 649: Principles of Waste Management and Pollution Control Dr. Robert Beauchamp

  2. DEFINING CHEMICAL HAZARDOUS WASTE: • QUALITATIVE DESCRIPTION BY ORIGIN, TYPE, AND CONSTITUENTS. • CHARACTERISTICS BASED UPON TESTING PROCEDURES. • CONCENTRATION OF SPECIFIC CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES. REQUIRES SPECIFIC MANAGEMENT & OPERATIONAL ACTIVITIES. HAZARDOUS WASTE IS UNSUITABLE FOR TREATMENT IN MSW TREATMENT FACILITIES.

  3. USEPA UNDER RCRA AUTHORITY • WASTE IS CONSIDERED HAZARDOUS IF IT EXHIBITS • IGNITABILITY • CORROSIVITY • REACTIVITY • TOXICITY

  4. IGNITABILITY • LIQUIDS WHOSE VAPORS IGNITE IN THE PRESENCE OF SOURCES. • NON-LIQUIDS CATCH FIRE FROM FRICTION OR CONTACT WITH H2O.   • CHEMICAL FLASH POINT – ASTM • FLAMMABLE LIQUID – 37.8 0 C

  5. FLAMMABLE MATERIALS • FINELY DIVIDED PARTICLES • LIQUID MIST OR SPRAY WITH O2 • METAL DUSTS (Mg, Zr, Ti, Al) • COAL DUST & GRAIN DUST • COMBUSTIBLE SUBSTANCES REACT WITH OXIDIZERS (O2) TO PRODUCE HEAT AND FIRES. • PYROPHORIC SUBSTANCES – WHITE PHOSPHOROUS, ALKALI METALS, POWDERED Mg, Ca, Co, Mn, Fe, Zr, Al.

  6. CORROSIVE MATERIALS • SUBSTANCES THAT DISSOLVE OR CAUSE OXIDATION OF METALS. ALSO DESTROY LIVING TISSUE. • EXAMPLE - SULFURIC ACID CONC. SULFURIC ACID IS A DEHYDRATING AGENT & OXIDANT. DANGEROUS. HAS A AFFINITY WITH H2O & PRODUCES HEAT WHEN MIXED - BOILING AND SPATTERING. • INHALATION OF SULFURIC ACID FUMES OR MISTS DAMAGES TISSUES & EYES. • LONG-TERM EXPOSURE – ERODES TEETH

  7. OTHER CORROSIVE SUBSTANCES • NITRIC ACID • HYDROCHLORIC ACID • HYDROFLUORIC ACID • ALKALI METAL HYDROXIDES

  8. REACTIVE MATERIALS • REACTIVE WASTES – UNSTABLE • REACT VIOLENTLY WITH WATER - FORM EXPLOSIVE MIXTURES. • RATE OF REACTION INCREASES WITH INCREASING TEMPERATURE. • IF NO HEAT DISSAPATION , RATE OF REACTION CAN DOUBLE W/ EVERY 100 RISE IN TEMPERATURE – UNCONTROLLED EVENT • FINELY DIVIDED MATERIAL REACTS EXPLOSIVELY WITH O2.

  9. SELF-REACTIVE COMPOUNDS • NITROGEN CONTAINING COMPOUNDS. • NITROGLYCERIN. • TRINITROTOLUENE (TNT)

  10. INORGANIC REACTIVE COMPOUNDS • HALOGEN COMPOUNDS OF NITROGEN. • COMPOUNDS OF METAL-NITROGEN BONDS. • HALOGEN OXIDES.

  11. TOXIC MATERIALS • UTMOST CONCERN OF LONG TERM EFFECTS FROM CONTINUAL/ PERIODIC EXPOSURE TO TOXINS. • ACUTE EFFECTS FROM A SINGLE LARGE EXPOSURE • NOT ALL TOXINS ARE IMMEDIATELY APPARENT. EXAMPLE - METALS.

  12. TOXIC MATERIALS • AGROCHEMICALS – GROUP OF CHEMICALS USED FOR CONTROL OF INSECTS, WEEDS, FUNGAL DISEASES. • PESTICIDES– INSECT CONTROL. • HIGHLY TOXIC • INCLUDES INSECTICIDES • INSECTICIDES – KILLS OR INTERFERS WITH LIFE CYCLE OF INSECTS. • EXAMPLE – TNT, BENZENE HEXACHLORIDE (BHC). • PERSISTENT IN THE ENVIRONMENT. • UNDERGO BIOCONCENTRATION. • IMPACT PREDITOR BIRDS (PERIGINE FALCON). • REPLACED WITH LESS PERSISTENT COMPOUNDS

  13. IMPORTANT FACTORS • ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS FROM PESTICIDES DEPENDS ON ITS DEGRADATION IN SOILS. • SORPTION ONTO SOILS • LEACHING OF PESTICIDE INTO WATER • EFFECTS OF MICROORGANISMS & ANIMAL LIFE IN SOILS. • ANY REACTIONS THAT CAUSE SECONDARY GENERATION TOXINS. • BIODEGRADATION • CHEMICAL DEGRADATION • PHOTO-CHEMICAL REACTIONS • HERBICIDES – SUPPOSEDLY SELECTIVELY TOXIC TO PLANTS

  14. POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS • A FAMILY OF 209 CHLORINATED ISOMERS OF BIPHENYL. BIPHENYL IS FORMED FROM 2 BENZENE RINGS & JOINED BY A SINGLE BOND. • EXAMPLE – PCB’S.

  15. HEAVY METALS • DAMAGE GROUNDWATER • METAL IONS ADSORBED BY SOIL • INTERACT WITH ORGANIC MATTER IN SOIL – UNDERGO OXIDATION-REDUCTION PROCESSES LEADING TO MOBILIZATION OR VOLATIZED. • COAL & PETROLEUM DERIVED MATERIALS--& THEIR BY-PRODUCTS CAN PRODUCE POLLUTION.

  16. COAL & PETROLEUM DERIVED MATERIALS • COAL & PETROLEUM DERIVED MATERIALS--& THEIR BY-PRODUCTS CAN PRODUCE POLLUTION. • POLYNUCLEAR HYDROCARBONS • A LARGE CLASS OF PETROLEUM COMPOUNDS WITH 2 OR MORE BENZENE RINGS. EX. FOSSIL FUELS; INCOMPLETE COMBUSTION OF ORGANIC MATERIALS. • MAJOR SOURCE OF POLLUTION BY HUMAN ACTIVITY FROM POINT SOURCE LEAKS , SPILLS, & NON-POINT SOURCE EMISSIONS. • FORMED IN NATURE – LONG-TERM LOW TEMP. REACTION IN SEDIMENTARY DEPOSITS, VOLCANOES, FOREST FIRES. • ACCUMULATE IN SOIL, SEDIMENT, AND BIOTA. TOXIC BY DISRUPTING MEMBRANE FUNCTION. • STANDARD EPA TEST - TOXICITY CHARACTERISTIC LEACHING PROCEDURE (TCLP).

  17. COMBUSTION • ANOTHER SOURCE OF TOXIC COMPOUNDS IS COMBUSTION • EXAMPLES • CABON MONOXIDE • SULFUR DIOXIDE • HYDROGEN CHLORIDE

  18. RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL • MAIN ELEMENTS INVOVED IN POLLUTING THE ENVIRONMENT & CAUSING HEALTH EFFECTS ARE: • ISOTOPES OF IODINE, STRONTIUM, CESIUM, & RUTHENIUM. • RADON GAS – GENERALLY HIGH IN REGIONS WHERE ROCKS CONTAIN URANIUM AND THORIUM. • GRANITES, SHALES, IRON STONES. • MUST HAVE MIGRATION PATHWAYS & WEATHERED HOST ROCK. HIGH PERMEABILITY & FISSURES.

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