Understanding Documents: Insights from Buckland and Meadow on Information Representation

Today… • Buckland and Meadow on information • What is a document? • Definitions for "document" • object • Our context, inls150/LIS • Representation • work/item

? • Do Meadow and Buckland agree on their definition of Information?

Four Aspects of Information (Buckland)

Is this a document? Duchamp, Marcel “Bicycle Wheel” 1913, (1964 version)

Information Objects • Print (Physical) / Digital (Electronic) • Linear (flat) / Hypertext • Static / Dynamic • Durable / Ephemeral • Atomic / Complex

What is a document? • Simple/Atomic, familiar document types • Complex, compound, dynamic document types Adapted from: http://www2.cs.cornell.edu/payette/fedora/ecdl98.ppt

Object Star in the sky Photo of star Stone in the River Stone in museum Animal in the wild Animal in the zoo Document? NO YES ? ? ? ? Document (Briet)

What is a Document? A Terminology Issue • Information object • Document • Information resource • Information bearing entity • Bibliographic entity • Exist in the world of recorded knowledge…

Information Objects, W3C • W3C/IETF definition of resource is “…anything that has identity. Familiar examples include an electronic document, an image, a service (e.g., "today's weather report for Los Angeles"), and a collection of other resources. Not all resources are network "retrievable"; e.g., human beings, corporations, and bound books in a library can also be considered resources.” • i.e. a resource is “anything” • physical things (books, cars, people) • digital things (Web pages, digital images) • conceptual things (colours,points in time, subjects)

Information Objects • “Any entity, form or mode for which contextual data can be recorded” (Greenberg, 2002, 2003)

Information Objects • Is our conception too wide, vague, ambiguous? • DCMI (Dublin Core Metadata Initiative) Type Vocabulary: Collection, Dataset, Event, Image (Still or Moving), Interactive Resource, Service, Software, Sound, Text, Physical Object

Our context…(inls 150, and our field) • Information systems contain documents (objects)

What kinds things might we represent in information systems? • Concrete things: books, documents, movie clip, map • Persons: role, doctor, student, taxpayer • Events: accident, birth date, divorce • Transactions: sale of item (purchase) • Other?

Information Systems • Databases • Inventories • Catalogs, indexes • Thesauri

Representation • Description, stand-in, surrogate --------------------------------------- • Knowledge Representation: http://groups.csail.mit.edu/medg/ftp/psz/k-rep.html • AI: http://www.aaai.org/AITopics/html/repr.html • HTML: http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/charset.html

Representing objects in Information Systems • You can recognize it as a discrete object (entity) • Even if it is a complex or compound object • You can name it by applying labels (attributes and values to attributes) • You can manipulate it • You can describe it

Representation • Devices and means • Icons, images, graphs, symbols, numbers, words, strings, descriptions • Content (conceptual meaning) • Aboutness • Subject content • Carrier (packaging) • Physical representation • Models, measurements, strings, bytes, etc.

Representation Terminology • Element = Attribute + Value. • Attribute (property of the object). • Who-what-where-when-why. • Photographer (person/agency), title, place of , date. • Value (content associated to the attribute). • NASA Photographic Services, Shuttle Columbia, Kennedy Space Center in Florida, January, 2003.

What Makes a Good Representation? • Captures essential elements • Never the same as the thing being represented (abstraction) [surrogates] • Get the abstraction right (accurate representation) • Appropriate for the person / audience • Appropriate for the task / function

Intellectual entity Work = Expressed thought Physical entity Item= Embodied thought S. R. Ranganathan’sDocument

Intellectual entity Work = Subject terminology Classification notation (inls150, classification) Physical entity Item = Date Size Title (inls150,representation) Patrick Wilson

Work, expression, manifestation, item IFLA FRBR (Functional Requirement for a Bibliographic Record) • Work, Expression, Manifestation, Item http://www.ifla.org/VII/s13/frbr/frbr.htm • w1Gone with the Wind (motion picture) • e1 the original English language version • e2 the original with French subtitles added

Work, expression, manifestation, item w1Rolling Stones’ IT'S ONLY ROCK-N –ROLL (1974) • e1 the groups performance recorded for the album • m1 the recording released in 1974 by MCA Records on tape cassette • m2 the recording released in 1974 by MCA Records on compact disc

Work, expression, manifestation, item w1 Jean Jolivet's Vraie description des Gaules.... e1 the cartographer's original rendering • m1 the map issued in 1570 • i1 a copy in the Département des Cartes et plans at the Bibliothèque nationale in Paris • m2 a facsimile reproduction published in 1974 by Hier et demain

FRBR diagram I: UNC Musllib.CD, RCA, 2005 c.3 I: Your CD, RCA, 2005 c.1 M: CD, RCA, 2005 I: My CD, RCA, 2005 c.2 E: Music (just the instruments) E: Music and lyrics Work, the Performance (1974) M: RS, LP 1974 M: 8-track, RCA, 1975

Title Author or Creator Subject and Keywords Description Publisher Other Contributor Date Resource Type Format Resource Identifier Source Language Relation Coverage Rights Management Dublin Core Elements

Process andGoals for Organizing Information in an information system Information is out there or being/will be created… • Identify 3-5 steps in the information organization process. • List 3-5 goals or objectives of your information systems once it’s organized.

Process • Identify • Identify what you are going to organize • Different scenarios. • Collect • Get it. Different means. • Provide Access • Representation/description, indexing, etc.

Goals: Allow the user to • Findinformation when it is known. • Discover new information. • Evaluate information as to its use. • Retrieve/Locate the information

Understanding Documents: Insights from Buckland and Meadow on Information Representation

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