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Afghanistan Beef Introduction

Afghanistan Beef Introduction. Jeff Lehmkuhler, PhD Extension Beef Specialist University of Kentucky. Function of Rumen. Provide an environment for symbiotic growth of microflora to ferment feedstuffs Storage allowing a large quantity of fibrous feed to be consumed in short period of time

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Afghanistan Beef Introduction

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  1. Afghanistan Beef Introduction Jeff Lehmkuhler, PhD Extension Beef Specialist University of Kentucky

  2. Function of Rumen • Provide an environment for symbiotic growth of microflora to ferment feedstuffs • Storage allowing a large quantity of fibrous feed to be consumed in short period of time • Absorption of fermentation endproducts

  3. Microorganisms in rumen Bacteria, protozoa, fungi, yeast Microbes may provide ~85% of the energy and protein In ruminants Carbohydrates VFA Acetate Propionate Butyrate In monogastrics Carbohydrates Glucose

  4. Functional Classes of Microbes Fiber Digesters Starch Digesters Protein Digesters * Population shifts as the diet changes. Can affect overall digestion, founder, etc. * Transition cattle from forage to grain slowly

  5. Functions of the Rumen Microflora • Convert cellulose (large amounts) into useable energy products • Mammals do not produce cellulase enzyme • Utilize Non-Protein Nitrogen (NPN) to form amino acids • Synthesize B Vitamins and Vitamin K

  6. Essential Nutrients • Water • Energy • Protein • Minerals • Vitamins

  7. Water

  8. Water • Water Intake Drives Feed Intake

  9. Water • Factors affecting water intake • Temperature • Feed moisture • Body size • Production status

  10. Water Intake and Feed Intake of Growing Steers

  11. Water Needs – Impact of Temp

  12. Minerals

  13. Macro Salt (NaCl) Calcium (Ca) Phosphorous (P) Magnesium (Mg) Potassium (K) Sulfur (S) Micro Copper (Cu) Selenium (Se) Zinc (Zn) Manganese (Mn) Cobalt (Co) Iron (Fe) Chromium (Cr) Molybdenum (Mo) Iodine (I) Nickel (Ni) Macro & Micro Minerals

  14. General Functions of Minerals • Nutrient Metabolism • Nerve function • Reproduction • Immune Function

  15. Parameter Evaluated Affects Animals Mineral Requirement Immunity > Fertility > Growth > Maintenance

  16. Relative Bioavailability of Sources

  17. Phosphorus • Deficiency impacts reproduction • Diet contains less than 0.15% Phos • Pica – chewing of bones, botulism • Bone meal, steamed bones • Not allowed in US for fear of BSE

  18. Magnesium • For cows pre- and early lactation • When conditions for grass tetany exist • Winter tetany can occur • Poor quality feeds w/ grain or Greenchop / Haylage • High K+ and Low Ca++ & Mg++ • > 22 grams per head daily lactating cows

  19. Energy

  20. Energy • Result of CHO and Lipid metabolism (eg. Converting hay to VFA) • Requires the majority of feed intake • Most commonly deficient nutrient for the brood cow • Often expressed as TDN = Total Digestible Nutrient

  21. Net Energy Scheme 1 kg TDN = 4.4 Mcal DE

  22. Estimated Net Energy Requirementsfor 2-, 3-, and 5-year old Cows Breeding Season Calving Wean Mcal/d Months Since Calving 1996 Beef NRC

  23. Factors Affecting Efficiency of Energy Utilization • Breed • Genetic ability to milk • Actual level of milk production • Body composition

  24. Energy Levels and Reproduction

  25. Passive Transfer of Immunity in the Calf, Health and Growth

  26. Protein

  27. Protein • Cattle have 2 protein requirements • N needs of rumen bacteria • Amino acids of the animal • Degradable Intake Protein (DIP) • Breakdown in rumen and supply N to bacteria • Undegradable Intake Protein (UIP) • Escape rumen, digested in gut, supply AA

  28. Protein Needs for Cows 30 lb peak milk production

  29. DIP and UIP Must be Met for Optimum Gain of Cattle

  30. Vitamins • Fat Soluble • A, D, E and K • Water Soluble • B complex and C • For the cow, A is the only vitamin deficient under normal circumstances

  31. Vitamins • Vitamins of B-complex and K are made in rumen. • D is made in skin from sunlight. • C is synthesized in tissue • E is contained in most feeds

  32. Vitamin A • Plants contain beta carotene, not vitamin A • Cattle convert beta carotene to vitamin A • Factors reducing the conversion to A • Stress • Forage Maturity, Storage Time and Weathering

  33. Vitamin A • Cattle store A in the liver for later use, thus a mega-dose can be fed or injected • When fed, 50 to 70% of vitamin is destroyed in the rumen. Must be considered when determining daily dose to provide

  34. Vitamin E • Generally adequate in pastures and hay • May become deficient in extreme drought or long feeding of very mature forage • Necessary for good immune function

  35. B-complex Vitamins • Weaning stress or fescue toxicosis feed intake and rumen function which may cause insufficient B vitamin production • Niacin may  feed intake in receiving calves • Thiamin may  fescue toxicosis symptoms • Responses to Vit B supplements VARIABLE

  36. Body Condition Score (BCS)in Beef Cows • Highly related to reproductive efficiency • Calving time BCS very important • Thin cows at calving have  days return to heat and  pregnancy rate • BCS 1-9

  37. BCS 1

  38. BCS 1

  39. BCS 3

  40. BCS 4

  41. BCS 4

  42. BCS 5

  43. BCS 6

  44. BCS 7

  45. BCS 9

  46. Calving BCS and Days Return to Heat

  47. Calving BCS and % Pregnant

  48. BCS Maintenance After Calving and Days Return to Heat Cows calving in adequate BCS but rapidly losing condition after calving take longer to return to heat than cows maintaining BCS after calving.

  49. BCS Change after Calving and Days Return to Heat

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