World Geography

1. World Geography Unit 4 Western Europe

2. World Geography Section 1: British Isles and Nordic Nations Section 2: Central Western Europe Section 3: Mediterranean Europe

3. Section 1 British Isles and Nordic Nations

4. I. England England is divided into three different areas: 1. Highlands- 2. Midlands- 3. Lowlands-

5. England’s Physical Characteristics

6. II. Rise of London as a Trade Center London lies only __________from the continent of Europe. B. London is located on the _________________. C. By the 1500s, London had become a bustling ____________. E. Britain has a strategic, central location for Atlantic _________.

7. 1 III. Economic Activities • In the 1500s, Britain shipped mostly _____________. • Some of the earliest technological advances of the Industrial Revolution were used in the _______________. • Britain had large amounts of ____and __________. • Much of the region’s coal supply has been used up, and Britain began using oil and natural gas from under the __________. • To offset the loss of heavy industry, the government has fostered the growth of ______________________such as finance and tourism.

8. Industrial Revolution

10. 2 IV. Scotland’s Physical Characteristics The Highlands • The Highlands region is a large, high plateau with many ______, or lakes. • ________,or broad, treeless rolling plains, cover much of the Highlands and are dotted with ______,areas of wet, spongy ground. • The Highlands are well suited to _______and ____________. The Central Lowlands • The long Central Lowlands region, stretching from Edinburgh to Glasgow, is home to ________of Scotland’s people. The Southern Uplands • The Southern Uplands is primarily a ___________ region, and it is near the English border. • The ______________give way to rolling plateaus that have been worn down by glaciers.

11. 2 V. Scottish Culture • ____________are slowly taking the place of mining, steel making, and shipbuilding. • Scotland and England have been ____________united, but Scotland has retained its own culture. • In 1997, Scottish voters approved the creation of a new Scottish parliament, and some Scots want Scotland to become ____________.

12. 2 VI. Wales • Wales possesses a ___________, but it has been strongly influenced since being conquered by England in 1284. • About _________of the Welsh population speaks Welsh as their first language. • ________and ______________have changed the landscape and economy of southern Wales, but by the 1980s most of the coal mines had closed.

13. 3 VII. Ireland’s Physical Characteristics • Ireland is shaped like a ______________, with hills ringing most of the coastline. • Ireland’s moist climate keeps vegetation a brilliant green, making its nickname “_______________.” • About one sixth of the island is covered by________- • The Republic of Ireland has recently developed a method of using peat in power plants, which now produce almost ___________of the nation’s electricity.

14. 3 VIII. Cooperation and Conflict Ireland’s history has been shaped by invasions and wars. Religious Conflicts A. In the early 1500s, __________broke from the ________Church in the Reformation. B. The Protestant minority controlled much of the ______, and Irish Catholics were _____. C. Conflict between Irish Protestants and Irish Catholics led to ______________ or deliberate efforts to keep the cultures separate. D. Many poor Irish died in the ____________ of the 1840s, inflaming anti-British feelings and causing many Irish to emigrate. Government and Citizenship A. ____________in 1916 and 1921 led to free state status under British supervision, with the exception of six counties in the northeast that remained part of the ______. B. The free state declared total independence in 1949 as the _______________. C. Catholics in Northern Ireland want to reunify, while Protestants oppose it and both have used _________since.

15. Ireland

16. IX. Physical CharacteristicsThe Nordic Nations Natural Resources • Icelanders have learned to produce ____________from the heat of the earth’s interior. A Varied Landscape • The region is a collection of _______ and _______separated by water, and the landscape varies from very flat to very mountainous. Long Winters, Short Summers • The ____________shine most brightly in the Nordic regions in winter. • In midsummer, the _____never really sets for several weeks. Environmental Change • The landscape of the Scandinavian Peninsula is the product of the last _________. • The_______of Scandinavia were carved out by glaciers and later filled with water. The Ocean and the Climate • Despite the long winter, the climate is very mild due to warm ________________.

17. 4 X. Shared Cultural Bonds The Nordic countries possess strong cultural ties. Understanding the Past A. Between A.D. 800 and A.D. 1050, _________set out from Scandinavia to raid and later colonize parts of ________________. B. Most Nordic peoples belong to the ____________Church, established during the Reformation. C. Nordic languages, except ________, have common roots, and students are required to learn _______as well. Economic Systems A. All Nordic countries practice a mixture of free enterprise and socialism in ______________, or systems combining different degrees of government regulation. B. Nordic countries guarantee __________ and _________to everyone and operate some industries that are private in the United States. C. Nordic countries tend to be politically _________in foreign affairs.

18. Scandinavia

19. 4 XI. Economic Activities • The Nordic countries have sound economies that derive their _______from varied ________. • ________and _______have flat land and a climate suitable for agriculture. • ________is important to the Nordic countries, particularly Norway. • The region also profits from _____and _____ production, high-grade _____, and expanses of ________.

20. Section 2 Central Western Europe

21. 1 Regions and Economic Activities

22. 1 I. France: Regions and Economic Activities • In the north, ______is the political, economic, and cultural capital, and it is a center of _________. • Southwestern France is known for its _______ production. • The ______hindered movement between Italy and France until a tunnel was built under __________. • The _____________ is renowned for its beaches and international film festival. France is divided into several historic, cultural, and economic regions.

23. II. Understanding the Past • _____________, the greatest Frankish ruler, set up an efficient administration, but his empire fell apart after his death. • __________became the ruler of Paris and its surrounding lands in A.D. 987, and expanded France’s borders to the lines today. • In 1789, the monarchy came to a bloody and violent end in the _______________. • Since the revolution, France has had several different forms of government, including __________, __________, and a constitutional ____________.

24. One Country, One Language A. Other languages such as _______and ________are still spoken, as are several dialects, or variations of a language unique to a region. B. ________is the national language. Cultural Identity French heroes include philosophers, such as ___________and _________. French artists were leaders in the painting style known as______________. Museums such as the ________ celebrate French artistic achievements. Paris is known for its _______, ______, ________, _________, and ___________. III. Language and Culture

25. France Today

26. IV. France Today • After ________, the French government established programs to ________ the economy and balance growth among France’s regions. • France also ___________, or brought under state control, some businesses considered vital to national interests. • France is a wealthy nation, but in the 1990s it struggled to recover from an economic _________, when unemployment was high. • Immigrants, many from ___________, were the focus of racial tensions.

28. Divided German States The ________________divided Germany further after Charlemagne. Prussia merged many German states into a ____________, a loose organization of independent states, after defeating France in war. United Germany’s Defeats Defeated in World War I, Germany was forced to pay ____________ , money for war damages, which caused ____________, a general increase in prices, and economic collapse. ____________and the _____ rose to power during the 1930s, promising to restore German glory. Germany was _________again in World War II by ________ countries. V. Germany’s Struggle for Unity One People, Two Countries • Germany was divided during the Cold War into _____and ____Germany. • In 1989, the ______came down and united Berlin once again.

29. Physical Characteristics

30. VI. Physical Characteristics • Northern Germany- • Central Germany – • Southern Germany- Germany’s land can be divided into three bands.

31. VII. Germany in the World Today • Germany is Western Europe’s leading ____________ and the third most _____________powerful economy after the United States and Japan. • Germany retains strong economic ties with ______________ and ____________, and it is a leading member in the European Union. • About __________is spent every year to upgrade the economy of the eastern lands once under Communist control. • ____________, ________________, and ________________ are other problems Germany faces.

33. VIII. The Netherlands • When the Romans conquered the area, they built _____ or embankments of rock and earth, to hold back the sea water. • The Dutch became more skillful at creating new land, building dikes, pumping out water, and creating ________, land reclaimed from the sea. • Beginning in the 1200s, the Dutch used ________ to power the pumps. • Almost _________of the country is below sea level. • The Netherlands has an extremely high _____________, and almost half of the land is used for agriculture.

35. IX. Belgium • About 30 percent of Belgians speak _________ and call themselves ________, while about 55 percent speak a _______, variations of a language that are unique to a region or community, of ______ called _________. • After Belgium gained independence from the Netherlands, relations between Walloons and Flemings grew more tense, as the only official language was _______and the national government made ____________an official language • The Belgian Parliament has recently passed laws to ________________ its government, or transfer power to smaller regions.

36. Luxembourg

37. X. Luxembourg • Luxembourg covers only ______________. • Luxembourg maintains cultural ties with _________, _________, and ________, and ______languages are spoken there. • Luxembourg has one of the highest _______________ in Europe. • The economy has diversified from __________ into __________and __________ industries.

38. Switzerland & Austria

39. XI. Switzerland Switzerland has three official languages and various cultural groups that have maintained their distinct identities and political autonomy. Understanding the Past • The _____________was formed in 1291 to fight against ___________. • Switzerland has been recognized as a_______, not taking sides in a conflict, country since the 1800s. Cultures and Citizenship • Twenty-six ________,or states, make up Switzerland today. A Prosperous Market Economy • Switzerland enjoys a very high ________________. • _____________is the most important form of agriculture to Switzerland. Specializing for Global Trade • With few natural resources, Switzerland specializes in ________, ________, and making products that require __________.

41. Switzerland

42. XII. Austria • Austria was once the seat of an empire that controlled much of Eastern Europe, but after __________it collapsed and was broken into several new countries. • Because Austria is so _________, most people live in the eastern lowlands. • Austria, using ________ as a model for economic renewal, has created specialized industries, but it also has ____________ that are sometimes extracted through strip mining. • _______, the country’s capital, was the _______ and _______center of the Austrian Empire. It has declined in population, but it still draws tourists to its many cultural and historical attractions.

44. World Geography Section 3 Mediterranean Europe

45. Spain

46. I. Spain • High plateaus rise from the narrow coastal plains, and only one of Spain’s many rivers is __________. • Most of Spain has a _____________ climate, but it is also fairly dry. • Spain’s economy has shifted from _________to new ___________in recent years. • With its central location, ________became the ____, or central point of activity and influence. Geographically, Spain is separated from Europe by the Pyrenees Mountains, and steep cliffs line much of the coastline.

47. II. Portugal • Abundant rainfall favors ____________, and Portugal exports port ____, ________, and ______ products. • In the fifteenth century, Portugal explored new sea routes to _____ around _______and established many trading colonies. • Portuguese and Spanish colonial empires shrank in the early 1800s, and only in _______did Portugal grant its ________colonies independence. • Nearly ____________people from the former African colonies have immigrated to Portugal seeking greater opportunities. • Portugal is expanding an economy once based heavily on ___________.

48. Italy

49. III. Italy: People and Environment • Italy has a _______________climate. • Through ____________, much of the soil has eroded. • Populated areas are very crowded. • Many Italians from the poor _____have migrated to the industrial ______to find jobs. • Italy helped form the European Union, and access to wider markets helped transform the nation’s economy from __________to ____________. The Apennine Mountains, a young mountain range that experiences ____________, runs the length of Italy.

50. Northern Italy The ________valley is the heartland of this region, and is an important agricultural and industrial center. Rivers in the _____provide hydroelectricity, and the _____are also home to ski resorts. ________suffers from pollution and __________, but remains popular with tourists. Central Italy Central Italy consists of _______and the surrounding regions. _______was chosen as the capital of a unified Italy because of its central location and historic ties to the ____________. ___________is a cultural center made famous by artists during the ____________. IV. The Regions of Italy Southern Italy • This region, which includes _________and ________, is known as the ______________. • Many southern Italians migrate to northern Italy to find jobs or to ________, which is very poor and has a high unemployment rate.