TAKS Doctor Exit Level 2006

1. TAKS DoctorExit Level 2006 Fall 2007 Practice TAKS Week

2. So what happened? The blue liquid sank to the bottom. BLUE BLUE 1 The picture shows the results of pouring a blue liquid into a clear liquid and allowing the mixture to settle for 25 minutes. Compared to the clear liquid, the blue liquid is more — A massive C viscous It is not asking just about mass when it sinks relative to another liquid, and this does not refer to size. . . How slow or resistant it is to being poured would not make it sink. . . Not C D soluble B dense That means it is NOT soluble, or it would still be mixed in

3. What are the bacteria (Bacillus) supposed to control? And, how do they affect the insects? 2 The bacteria Bacillus thuringiensis produce protein crystals that are toxic to the digestive system of insects. How can these bacteria be used to control insects in crops? F Apply the bacteria to growing plants. G Expose the bacteria to low levels of light. H Remove plants from areas containing the bacteria. J Treat the bacteria with a solution of the protein crystals. They can be eaten by the insects and kill the insect population Light? What does light have to do with any of this??? The bacteria are not the problem, the insects are. . . They make the protein crystals, this would have no effect on insects.

4. The Collared Peccary The collared peccary is often mistaken for a pig. It has a short pig-like snout and crushing molars. The peccary has a mass of 10–20 kg and a shoulder height of about 50 cm. The collared peccary is omnivorous, eating mostly roots, seeds, fruit, cacti, and occasionally insects and mice. Peccaries travel in herds of 6–30 animals. The natural enemies of the peccary are bobcats and coyotes. 3 Which of these is a food web based on the relationships described above? The correct web should have the omnivore having all the arrows from what it eats pointed to it, and the arrows from it to bobcat and coyotes. Not C, Plants don’t eat Peccaries! Not A, Peccaries don’t eat Bobcats! Not D, Mice don’t eat Peccaries!

5. 4 This picture shows a small section of a solar power plant. Which of these decreases the energy production at such power plants? F Cloudy skies G Ozone in the air H Hot weather J Low humidity To decrease production, decrease available solar energy. There is less sun when there are clouds.

6. Measures change in temperature, not pH Adds heat energy, does not measure anything. Measures mass not pH 5 Which of these could be used to determine whether a substance is a base? A Thermometer B Litmus paper C Balance D Bunsen burner

7. Conduction is a means of moving thermal energy in solids. Refraction is the bending of a wave when it changes the substance through which it is moving. Magnification occurs when a wave passes through a lens that spreads out the light waves. Laser Light Striking a DVD 6 When a DVD is read, laser light touches the DVD surface and is then measured at location A. What allows light to return to location A after striking the DVD surface? F Conduction G Refraction H Magnification J Reflection

8. Mutations are changes in the DNA, and would only be beneficial if they gave an organism an edge over others of the same species – Answer A 7 Which of these best explains how mutation can be beneficial to an organism? A Phenotypic change may create an advantage over other organisms. B Recombined genetic material improves genotype stability. C Mitosis becomes a favored means of reproduction. D Deoxyribose sugars develop into additional nucleotides. Recombining DNA would probably not result in even the same organism. Mitosis is simple cell division which produces identical cells, not mutations or even variation. Deoxyribose is the sugar on the side of the DNA molecule that is part of a nucleotide, along with the phosphate group and nitrogen base.

9. Kidneys and Dialysis 8 The box contains some facts about kidneys and dialysis. Which of the following best explains why dialysis works? F Dialysis reduces the size of proteins. G Proteins are dissolved by urine. H Dialysis filters proteins from solution. J Proteins transport membrane fragments. This would not lower the levels the urine, so not F. If they were dissolved by urine, they would not be in it. Proteins are usually enzymes or structures, and are not transport molecules.

10. 9 The bonding characteristics of oxygen are most similar to the bonding characteristics of — A hydrogen B silicon C helium D sulfur ! The bonding characteristics are its chemical properties, which is how elements are grouped into families. That means the other element must be in the same family . . .

11. This system is responsible for removing cell respiration waste of CO2 and water. So if an animal is thirsty, does it release fluids? 10 How is the excretory system most likely to respond when an animal is thirsty? F By relaxing the smooth muscles G By retaining body fluids H By absorbing heat from lymph glands J By releasing hormones Would release urine and other wastes – Not F Absorbing heat would cause fluid release for cooling. This is a slow communication system in a body, and would take much too long for a body response.

12. Same chemical composition means made of the same elements, not necessarily in the same ratio, so a compound such as the gas methane CH4, would be much less dense than the liquid butane C4H10. 11 Compounds with the same chemical composition may have different densities because they — A have differences in reactivity B are able to bond with oxygen C vary in solubility D exist in different phases Reactivity does not effect density. Ability to bond with oxygen is a chemical property and does not effect density. Polarity determines solubility, not density

13. Power is Work/time, less time means faster work and more power! 12 An advertisement claims that a certain truck has the most powerful engine in its class. If the engine has more power, which of the following can the truck’s engine do, compared to every other engine in its class? F Produce fewer emissions G Operate more efficiently H Perform work faster J Accelerate longer Emission controls do not effect power. Efficiency would be amount of energy used, not the speed of the work done. Increasing the amount of acceleration would be a result of increased power, not a cause of it.

14. 13 The diagram shows several phases of the nitrogen cycle. Which of the following describes the most likely effect of removing some plants from the area by using chemical herbicides? A The rate of erosion of rocks on the ground would be slowed. B The flow of necessary nutrients would be disrupted. C The ability of plants to complete photosynthesis would be increased. D The infiltration of water into the ground would be halted. Removing plants would increase erosion, not decrease it. Fewer plants would mean less ability for photosynthesis to occur. The number of plants will not effect the amount of water going in.

15. 14 Which of the following cannot metabolize nutrients? Three of these F, H and J are cells which must metabolize nutrients. G is a virus and can not metabolize or reproduce without infecting a cell to do it for it.

16. Since all energy on earth comes from the sun, any that is not directly used by living things is given off as heat to the environment. 15 About 10% of the energy at one trophic level is passed to the next level. What usually happens to the energy that is not passed to the next trophic level or used to carry out life processes? A It is given off as heat. B It is stored as vitamins. C It is used in reproduction. D It is used in protein synthesis. Most vitamins are water or fat soluble and are not stored. Not B Reproduction and protein synthesis are both life processes. Not C or D

17. 4 X O2 = 8 O 5 X O2 = 10 O And, we have 2 x H2 left here! To be balanced, there must be the same number of each element on both sides, so cross out what we already have and see what it left. 16 Which additional product balances this reaction? F 4OH(aq) G CH4 (g) H H2O2(g) J 2H2O(g) 10 Oxygens – 8 Oxygens = 2 left!! 2H2 + 2O  2H2O

18. Echoes are sound reflections This is not light so not a spectrum reflection This is a property of sound waves, since they move matter, the wave can cause other matter to vibrate. This is called resonance. 17 An empty cup was tightly covered with plastic wrap, and a few grains of salt were sprinkled on top of the plastic. When a tuning fork was struck and placed slightly above the plastic wrap, the salt began to move. Which characteristic of waves does the movement of the salt best demonstrate? A Echo formation B Diffraction C Resonance D Specular reflection Diffraction is when it splits into wavelengths.

19. 18 What is the net force exerted on a 90.0 kg race-car driver while the race car is accelerating from 0 to 44.7 m/s in 4.50 s? F 9.8 N G 20 N H 201 N J 894 N Use the formula page!!! F = m a and Acceleration = Vf – Vi time A = 44.7 – 0 = 9.9 m/s2 4.5 So F = 90.0kg x 9.9 m/s2 =893.9 N

20. What are the biggest dangers of this chemical? 19 The label shown above contains information about some harmful effects of acetone. A group of students plans to use acetone to rinse out a glass container. A second group of students is working at the same lab table. Which of the following lab procedures should the second group of students avoid? A Heating water with an open flame B Pouring hydrochloric acid into a beaker C Filtering precipitates from a liquid solution D Collecting oxygen from plants in a test tube None of these would pose a hazard if regular safety precautions of goggles and apron are followed.

21. 20 The graph shows how the momentum of a given mass changes during a period of motion. According to the information, what is the momentum in kg m/s at 2.75 seconds? Record and bubble in your answer to the nearest whole number on the answer document. Find 2.75 seconds, read up and across. Be sure to grid correctly, pay attention to the decimal point!!

22. 21 Power plants that discharge warm water into rivers have a negative effect on aquatic life. This is because the higher water temperature — A increases the pressure of the river water B increases the pH value of the river water C decreases sediment solubility in the river water D decreases the dissolved oxygen in the river water A temperature increase would increase pressure of a gas, not a liquid, and would have no effect on pH. Solubility of most solids increases with increased temperature, but for gases it decreases.

23. 22 Which configuration of pulleys and belts shown below will result in the fastest rotation of Spindle 2? The bigger wheel needs to be first, and the smallest wheel will be fastest. . . Both F and J show medium wheels, which will not give the fastest or slowest. G would require the little wheel to spin several times to make the larger wheel even spin once.

24. 23 The table shows properties of four liquids that are insoluble in water. If the four liquids are poured into an Erlenmeyer flask containing water, which liquid will form a layer below the water? A Q B R C S D T To be below water, it must have a density greater than water (1.0 g/mL).

25. 24 The graph shows how the voltage needed to maintain a constant current of 1.5 amps through a wire conductor varies with the length of the wire. If the trend continues, what is the most likely voltage needed to maintain a 1.5-amp current through 80 meters of the wire? F 10 volts G 18 volts H 250 volts J 400 volts Since this is asking to extend the graph, use a proportion. 10m is to 50V as 80m is to X. Or (80 x 50)/10

26. 25 Which characteristic of water best explains its ability to dissolve a great variety of materials? A Its transparency in light C Its physical state of matter B Its electrical conductivity D Its molecular arrangement Yes, water is transparent, but doesn’t help things dissolve. Yes, being a liquid helps dissolve things, but this is not the best answer. Pure water does not conduct electricity. Water is a polar molecule with oxygen carrying more negative, and the hydrogens being more positive. This allows attraction of negative ions to the H+ and positive ions attract to the O2- making dissolving easy.

27. Now, compare: Lowest elevation, highest BP and shortest time needed to sanitize. Highest elevation, lowest BP and longest saniting time. So the higher it is, the lower the bp and longer it takes to sanitize. NOW READ THE QUESTION When a data table, graph or diagram is part of the question, cover the question and read the table, graph or diagram first. Look for a trend, does one thing increase or decrease as another one changes? Compare by highlighting highest/lowest in each category, and look to see if they increase/decrease in the same way. 26 Boiling water can be used to sanitize dishes. The data above show how sanitizing time varies in different locations. Which inference is supported by these data? F The boiling point of water is constant at higher altitudes. G The boiling point of water is affected by elevation. H Water takes longer to boil at Fort Davis than at sea level. J Boiling water changes temperature at a faster rate at Corpus Christi than at higher elevations.

28. 27 A medical researcher hypothesizes that a newly developed medication can reduce high blood pressure. Which of these would most likely be the dependent variable in a study involving this medication? A The number of participants in the study B The ages of people treated for high blood pressure with other medications C The blood pressure of the participants in the study D The number of people treated for high blood pressure with other medications The number of participants should be very very high, the more the better. The ages of participants should be as controlled as possible. We are testing the effect of medication on what? That would be the dependent variable, the one that responds or not to the change. DRY Dependent, Responding on the Y axis!

29. Boyle’s law gives the relationship between the pressure and volume of a gas if the temperature and mass of the gas are held constant: • If the volume of the gas is increased, the pressure of the gas decreases. • If the volume of the gas is decreased, the pressure of the gas increases 28 What can be concluded from the relationships described above? F Gas molecules travel longer distances at greater speeds when the volume of the gas is decreased. G A gas is more likely to lose kinetic energy when its volume is reduced. H Gas molecules collide less frequently when the volume of the gas is increased. J A gas is more likely to increase in momentum when its volume is increased. If volume is decreased there is a shorter space in which to move. Kinetic energy is the amount of heat, and the temperature is not changed. When volume is increased the distance to collisions is greater, but the velocity nor mass has changed. Pressure is caused from collisions of the gas molecules with each other and the sides of the container.

30. 29 Which of these represents a properly balanced system? 48N x 0.75m not equal to 96N x 1.5m 48N x 4.5m not equal to 96N x 1.5m 48N x 1.5m not equal to 96N x 1.5m To be balanced, force x distance must be equal on both sides of the fulcrum.

31. 30 The table shows the time it took trees of the same type and size to drop all of their leaves after being grown in different atmospheres. For the experiment to be valid, which of these must be a constant for all the trees? F The height of all the trees during the entire experiment G The amount of water available to all trees during the experiment H The mass of fallen leaves collected from each tree J The rate of photosynthesis in all trees during the experiment What factor would affect leaves falling the most?

32. 31 Sickle-cell anemia is a disorder resulting from a mutation that leads to the production of an abnormal protein. Which component of the DNA molecule provides instructions for the production of the protein? A The phosphate groups B The sugar molecules C The sequence of nitrogen bases D The bonds that hold the sugars to the bases The bonds that hold the sugars to the bases also do not change so they can not mutate either . . . . The sides of the DNA are sugars and phosphates that hold the sequence of bases, they are always the same so can not code for a protein.

33. F = ma, and so she accelerates from rest to 3.0 m/s in 1.2s. F = 40kg x 3.0 – 0m/s = 100 N 1.2s 32 Starting from rest at the center of a skating rink, two skaters push off from each other over a time period of 1.2 s. What is the force of the push by the smaller skater? F 16 N G 32 N H 88 N J 100 N

34. Louis Pasteur’s Experiment Like many other scientific breakthroughs, the discovery of immunization happened by accident. In 1880 Louis Pasteur was trying to protect chickens from cholera. To study the disease, Pasteur and his assistants gave injections of cholera bacteria to several groups of chickens. The chickens usually died from cholera after being injected with the bacteria. However, one group of chickens survived. Pasteur noticed that these chickens had been injected with a six-week-old batch of cholera bacteria. Pasteur’s assistants prepared new colonies of cholera bacteria and injected these chickens a second time. They also injected a group of chickens that had not been previously injected. Pasteur was surprised that the chickens that had been injected previously with the old bacteria remained healthy, while all the chickens in the second group became sick and died. This is how Pasteur came to discover that exposure to weakened pathogens can provide immunity from disease. The idea was later used to protect animals from other serious diseases. Today immunizations help protect people from many illnesses. Use the information below and your knowledge of science to answer questions 33–35.

35. 33 Which of these probably served as the most useful data after Pasteur injected a group of chickens with bacteria from the older culture? A The health and behavior of the injected chickens B The total number of cholera cases observed C The changes in the shape and color of the bacterial colonies D The recovery rate of chickens previously infected with cholera All of the chickens that had not been injected before developed cholera and died, therefore this is not very useful. The colonies color and shape only tell that there was something different about the bacteria, not how they effect the chickens. The previously infected chickens did not get sick, so there is not a recovery rate.

36. Mutualistic means a shared living situation where both are helped, so it would be 34 Which of these is the best example of a mutualistic relationship in an aquatic environment? F Some fish can survive repeated infections by harmful bacteria. G Some fish have bacteria living in their digestive tract that help the fish digest food. H Some bacteria are present in aquatic food chains in which fish are secondary consumers. J Some bacteria are aquatic decomposers that recycle nutrients useful to fish. This means some die, not helpful!! Just being in the same environ does not make it mutualistic.

37. 35 Cholera-causing bacteria have a single flagellum that allows these bacteria to — A move B reproduce C excrete water D produce sugar This requires knowing that a flagellum is like a tail, and can be moved to propel the bacteria. Flagellum – see the flag that can wave?

38. The graph can not have a data point at 0,0 since it starts at 0,28 Not G! The data never goes down as temperature increases, so it can’t be F or H. Correct answer? J 36 Nine groups of students dissolved as much potassium chloride as possible in water. Each group used 100 mL of water heated to a different temperature. Which graph shows the relationship between solubility and temperature for potassium chloride?

39. 37 Which of these produces most of the compounds responsible for causing acid rain? A Nuclear fission B Fossil fuels C Solar cells D Windmills Windmills and Solar cells do not produce compounds, just energy. Nuclear fission is not used for energy production any where but on the sun and stars!

40. Group 2 metals donate 2 electrons not 1. 38 Which of these elements is most likely to donate one electron? F Be G Cs H Rn J He Donors are metals, receivers are nonmetals – USE YOUR RESOURCES!

41. 39 Horses kept in stables sometimes chew on wood. This can lead to damage to the mouth and digestive system. The graph shows the results of a study of a medication that prevents horses from chewing on wood. From the graph, what inference can be made about the effectiveness of the product? A Most horses like the medication. B The medication is most effective between Days 4 and 5. C Most horses will show improvement within 7 days. D The effects of the medication are long lasting. Effective would mean they have stopped chewing, greatest is at 8 days, not 4 & 5. No information on this No information on this the graph ends after 10 days.

42. 40 In all plant and animal cells, the nucleus contains long molecules of DNA. Which of the following best describes the function of DNA? F DNA provides the shape and structure of the nucleus. G DNA packages materials for transport through the nucleus. H DNA carries materials into and out of the nucleus. J DNA contains the blueprint for producing the whole organism. The nuclear membranes job is structure and support – OOOPs! DNA contains the code to make things not pack them. DNA is too important, it NEVER leaves the nucleus

43. Hypothesis: Much of the iron found in the topsoil of the island was carried from Africa by huge dust clouds. Which study would most likely be used to investigate this hypothesis? A Tracking dust clouds with satellite photos B Determining the effects of iron on limestone C Calculating erosion rates in African limestone mines D Analyzing the content of comet dust clouds 41 The following hypothesis refers to iron in the topsoil found on an island formed from limestone. This will not tell you how the iron got on the island. This will not tell you how the iron got on the island. Comet clouds may put substances on earth, but not on just one specific island it would be all over.

44. All of these are strongly radioactive elements with very large masses. 42 Alpha particles are one type of radioactivity. These particles have a nucleus of two protons and two neutrons but have no orbital electrons. Based on this information, it can be inferred that alpha particles are positive ions of the element — F actinium G curium H radium J helium That is an atomic mass of 4 just like …

45. 43 The picture above shows a compound microscope. What part of the microscope should be used to adjust the amount of light illuminating a prepared slide? A Eyepiece B Rotating nosepiece C Diaphragm D Coarse-focus knob Where does the slide go? So what adjusts the light?

46. 44 Which of the following explains this phenomenon? F Competition G Extinction H Predation J Speciation Competition means they hunt and live in the same area Extinction means that the last of that species has died. This means we have a new Genus, which is a type of: Predation means they hunt and eat in the same area

47. 45 Erwin Chargaff studied the DNA of organisms within a single species. Chargaff discovered that the amount of adenine is about equal to the amount of thymine. Which of these explains why the ratio of adenine to thymine is nearly 1:1? A Adenine and thymine pair with each other. B Adenine binds with phosphates, while thymine binds with nitrates. C Adenine and thymine are identical in chemical composition. D Adenine bases contain a form of thymine. What is the base pair rule? A to T and C to G!

48. This tells you it is in the 3rd row of the periodic table, and count across to 8 electrons. 46 According to the periodic table and the information above, which element has this electron configuration? F Sodium G Neon H Magnesium J Argon

49. 47 Which of these does a virus need in order to multiply? A Chloroplasts from a host cell B A host cell to provide oxygen for the virus C New ADP from a host cell D A host cell to replicate the virus’s DNA Once it invades the host cell, it will have ATP for energy, and all the other things necessary to reproduce itself. That is why it must invade a host cell first.

50. It is boxed, so read it first. What is it the Trade winds bring? 48 Which of the following conclusions is supported by the information above? F Trade winds help maintain some food chains. G Trade winds produce useful minerals in some oceans. H Trade winds can reverse parts of the water cycle. J Trade winds may be able to reduce greenhouse gases. Minerals are elements, and can not be made by wind. The water cycle is a cycle, it reverses itself! In order to effect greenhouse gases, it would have to reduce CO2 which is not mentioned!