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Mark Frederiksen ABLE Innovations

. Objectives: . Describe the Internationalization issues related to ASP.NET 2.0 applicationsDefine technical approaches Suggest strategies for Internationalizing ASP.NET 2.0 applications (and WinForms, too). Assumptions: Environment. ASP.NET 2.0 development environment Using Visual Studio 200

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Mark Frederiksen ABLE Innovations

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    3. Assumptions: Environment ASP.NET 2.0 development environment Using Visual Studio 2005 C# Microsoft SQL Server 2005 Typically, single or clustered server environment supporting multiple languages simultaneously: Unicode as default code set Likely: Using ASP.NET 2.0 Membership/Profile capabilities

    4. Assumptions: Users Using browsers: Internet Explorer 6.0+ (Windows and Mac??) Firefox 1.5+ (Windows and Mac) Safari 1.3.2 (Mac) Languages initially supported: Unicode as default code set English (default) Western European languages Asian: Japanese, Korean, Chinese (simplified (PRC), traditional (Taiwan, other areas) Discussion will NOT include: bi-directional language Only Gregorian calendar system will be considered Most Users are not on local LAN - not dependant upon AD

    7. SQL Server 2005 Default Internationalization Settings Default internationalization behavior is determined by: SQL Installation Install asks for default Character set and Collation - Affects System database Choosing Unicode would double system databases - Hard to change after SQL Server is installed Suggest using DEFAULTS: Windows Latin-1 char. Set Latin1_General collation Defining a new database Defaults to model database - which defaults to SQL Installation Char set/Collation unless model database has been altered Suggest using DEFAULTS:

    8. SQL Server 2005 Data Columns Use Unicode datatypes in: Table columns, CONVERT() and CAST() operations nchar nvarchar nvarchar(max) ntext Catalog view sys.types reports length in bytes, not characters Substitute: ASCII() and CHAR() with: UNICODE() and NCHAR() Define variables and parameters of Stored Procedure and triggers in Unicode Prefix Unicode string constants with the letter N Important even if the column name being references is Unicode: e.g. EXECUTE Product_Info @name = NChain SQL Server Book Online Server Side Programming with UnicodeSQL Server Book Online Server Side Programming with Unicode

    9. SQL Server 2005 Unicode SQL Server 2005 uses UCS-2 Some characters not included: Additional Chinese characters SQL Server stores these as: supplementary characters - stored as two unified Unicode character Supplementary characters sorted in 90 series collations: Japnese_90 Korean_90 Chinese_PRC_90 Chinese_PRC_Stroke_90 Chinese_Taiwan_Bopomofo_90 Chinese_Taiwan_Stroke_90 Chinese_Hong_Kong_Stroke_90_CI_AS SQL Server Book Online Supplementary Characters And -- Collation Settings in Setup AND Storage and Performance Effects of UnicodeSQL Server Book Online Supplementary Characters And -- Collation Settings in Setup AND Storage and Performance Effects of Unicode

    10. SQL Server 2005 Collation SQL Server 2005 uses two collation Types Windows Collation Defined to support Windows locales Uses the same code pages, sorting, comparisons as an application on a Windows system Recommended if you mix Unicode and non-Unicode columns in the database applies Unicode based sorting rules to both Unicode and non-Unicode data (internally converts non-Unicode data to Unicode for comparison operations), unlike SQL Collations Default setting Latin1_General supports 33 locales SQL Collations Legacy for prior SQL versions Sorts Unicode fields as Unicode, and non-Unicode as non-Unicode SQL Server Book Online Collation Types And -- Collation Settings in SetupSQL Server Book Online Collation Types And -- Collation Settings in Setup

    11. SQL Server 2005 Sorting Order Sort order concepts Three sort values Primary value basic character ignoring case and accents Secondary value A = a Tertiary value - typically accents Options: Case Sensitive Accent Sensitive Kana sensitive distinguish between Japanese Kana and Hiragana Width sensitive - distinguish between half-width and full-width chars. Binary Binary Code For more detailed discussion, see the book: Inside Microsoft SQL Server 2005: The Storage Engine Pages 11-14 -- AND -- SQL Server Book Online Windows Collation Sorting Styles For more detailed discussion, see the book: Inside Microsoft SQL Server 2005: The Storage Engine Pages 11-14 -- AND -- SQL Server Book Online Windows Collation Sorting Styles

    12. SQL Server 2005 SQL statements Specifying Collation in SQL Collate clause: Example: SELECT name FROM customer ORDER BY name COLLATE Japanese_Unicode Append options: _CS _CI Case sensitive Case insensitive _AS _AI Accent sensitive Accent inensitive _KS Kana sensitive, if omitted, Kana insensitive _WS Width sensitive, if omitted, width insensitive Examples: Latin1_General_CI_AS SQL Server Book Online Windows Collation Name AND Windows Collation Sorting StylesSQL Server Book Online Windows Collation Name AND Windows Collation Sorting Styles

    14. Culture Description of a language, and OPTIONALLY a region System.Globalization.CultureInfo class Culture string representation based on RFC 1766: languagecode2[-country/regioncode2[-script]] Examples: en represents neutral English en-GB represents UK English CultureInfo object Invariant: absence of culture (may be English) Neutral en Language NOT specific to a particular region Specific en-GB Language in a specific region, and region info, e.g., formatting Further description: see .NET Internationalization book by Guy Smith Ferrier: pages 33-35Further description: see .NET Internationalization book by Guy Smith Ferrier: pages 33-35

    15. Default International behavior Default internationalization behavior is determined by: - CurrentCulture and CurrentUICulture Determined from either: CultureInfo class, or the current thread Assigned only from the current thread CurrentCulture must be a SPECIFIC culture: default culture for System.Globalization affects culture specific formatting (date/time, number,currency, AND display of Calendar control) CurrentUICulture Can be neutral or specific culture: default culture used by ResourceManager

    16. Setting the Culture Web.config <globalization enableClientBasedCulture=true culture=en-GB uiculture=en /> Or, <%@ Page Culture=auto:en-GB UICulture=auto:en . %> Page Automatic (browsers first requested culture) with default: <%@ Page Culture=auto:en-GB UICulture=auto:en . %> Programmatically: Analyze complete list of browsers culture requests Based upon setting in the Users Profile NOTE: enabledClientBaasedCulture optional attribute to the <globalization tag is not in use at this time according to Visual Studio 2005 help file,an.NOTE: enabledClientBaasedCulture optional attribute to the <globalization tag is not in use at this time according to Visual Studio 2005 help file,an.

    17. Setting the Culture Collation SQL Server 2005 Collations Two types: Windows Collations recommended Based upon Windows locales attempt to match SQL Server 2005 and Windows locales Default Latin1_General SQL Collations -- Legacy with prior version of SQL Server Called very early in the page life cycle: - before ALL page events - during the FrameworkInitialize method before controls are created Can set culture based upon LCID instead of Culture Name - useful for alternative Sort Orders For discussion of LCID -Alternative Sort Orders, see: .. Chapter 6For discussion of LCID -Alternative Sort Orders, see: .. Chapter 6

    18. Set Culture reviewing all culture requests from the browser Matching browsers culture requests: Automatic method: <%@ Page Culture=auto . only uses browsers FIRST request Iterate through the browsers requested cultures Browsers cultures are listed in Priority order (there are actually weight information) Strategies: Find the first valid culture Find the first culture that is supported by resource code Differentiate between Culture and UICulture

    19. Set Culture reviewing all browser requests CODE Sample Iterate through the browsers requested cultures Part 1 of 2 (Sample taken from .NET Internationalization book, pp 148-9) protected override void InitializeCulture() { if (Request.UserLanguages != null && Request.UserLanguages.GetLength(0) > 0) { foreach (string userLanguage in Request.UserLanguages) { CultureInfo cultureInfo = GetCultureInfo(userLanguage, true); if (cultureInfo != null) { Thread.CurrentThread.CurrentUICulture = cultureInfo; Thread.CurrentThread.CurrentCulture = CultureInfo.CreateSpecificCulture(cultureInfo.Name); break; } } } }

    20. Set Culture reviewing all browser requests CODE Sample Iterate through the browsers requested cultures -- Part 2 of 2 (Sample taken from .NET Internationalization book, pp 148-9) protected virtual CultureInfo GetCultureInfo( string userLanguage, bool useUserOverride) { int semiColonIndex = userLanguage.IndexOf(";"); if (semiColonIndex != -1) userLanguage = userLanguage.Substring(0, semiColonIndex); try { return new CultureInfo(userLanguage, useUserOverride); } catch (ArgumentException) { return null; } }

    21. Set Culture Using Culture Information from User Profile User Profile : Store users preferred culture information in the ASP.NET 2.0 Membership/Profile system For each page, or using a new base class for all pages (Except the Logon-on pages) See: Core Internet Application Development with ASP.NET 2.0 page 971

    24. Setting the Culture - Page InitializeCulture method for a page Method is new to ASP.NET 2.0 Called very early in the page life cycle: - before ALL page events - during the FrameworkInitialize method before controls are created Can set culture based upon LCID instead of Culture Name - useful for alternative Sort Orders For discussion of LCID -Alternative Sort Orders, see book: .NET Internationalization - Chapter 6For discussion of LCID -Alternative Sort Orders, see book: .NET Internationalization - Chapter 6

    25. Resource code Managers ASP.NET Built-in: System.Resources.ResourceManager Uses standard .resx format Easily handled by localization firms Directly supported in VS 2005 Built-in tool to generate .resx files from non-localized ASP.NET project Cached good performance Custom resource managers Directly use SQL Server Slower performance The book: .NET Internationalization devotes Chapter 12 to Custom Resource Managers including a manager that directly uses SQL Server. However, the author cautions that all of the custom managers described in the chapter have poorer performance than the System.Resources.ResourceManager. The book: .NET Internationalization devotes Chapter 12 to Custom Resource Managers including a manager that directly uses SQL Server. However, the author cautions that all of the custom managers described in the chapter have poorer performance than the System.Resources.ResourceManager.

    26. Creating Resource Files VS 2005 Tool Visual Studio 2005 tool: Generate Local Resources Generates resource file for a particular page -- from Design view Tools > Generate Local Resoruces Automatically creates .resx file that includes all properties marked: Localizable(true) By default, most Webcontrols: Text, Title, ToolTip NOT HTLM controls, except: HtmlAnchor, HtmlImage HtmlInputImage, HtmlTitle Automatically modifies the page source Does NOT work with raw HTLM, e.g.: <p>text</p> can substitute Localize control

    27. Resource File Hierarchy The Generate Local Resource tool only creates the default page resource files. You must copy the default resource files and rename then to create the language resource hierarchy. Diagram from: Core Internet Application Development with ASP.NET 2.0 page 960Diagram from: Core Internet Application Development with ASP.NET 2.0 page 960

    28. Generate Local Resources Generate Local Resources Example code BEFORE using tool: <%@ Page Language="C#" AutoEventWireup="true CodeFile="Default.aspx.cs" Inherits="_Default" %> <table> <tr> <td style="width: 100px"> <asp:Label ID="Label1" runat="server" Text="User name"></asp:Label></td> <td style="width: 100px"> <asp:TextBox ID="TextBox1" runat="server"> </asp:TextBox></td> </tr> </table> Example taken from .NET Internationalization Chapter 5 ASP.NET Specifics (page 137) Full Before example is as follows: <%@ Page Language="C#" AutoEventWireup="true" CodeFile="Default.aspx.cs" Inherits="_Default" %> and also the script for the table:- <table> <tr> <td style="width: 100px"> <asp:Label ID="Label1" runat="server" Text="User name"></asp:Label></td> <td style="width: 100px"> <asp:TextBox ID="TextBox1" runat="server"> </asp:TextBox></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width: 100px"> <asp:Label ID="Label2" runat="server" Text="Password"></asp:Label></td> <td style="width: 100px"> <asp:TextBox ID="TextBox2" runat="server"> </asp:TextBox></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="width: 100px"> <asp:Button ID="Button1" runat="server" Text="Login" Width="264px" /></td> </tr> Example taken from .NET Internationalization Chapter 5 ASP.NET Specifics (page 137) Full Before example is as follows:

    29. Generate Local Resources Generate Local Resources Page Source Example code, before using tool: <%@ Page Language="C#" AutoEventWireup="true CodeFile="Default.aspx.cs" Inherits="_Default" %> after using tool: <%@ Page Language="C#" AutoEventWireup="true" CodeFile="Default.aspx.cs" Inherits="_Default" Culture="auto" meta:resourcekey="PageResource1" UICulture="auto" %> Example taken from .NET Internationalization Chapter 5 ASP.NET Specifics (page 139)Example taken from .NET Internationalization Chapter 5 ASP.NET Specifics (page 139)

    30. Generate Local Resources Generate Local Resources Example code, after using tool: <table> <tr> <td style="width: 100px"> <asp:Label ID="Label1" runat="server" Text="User Name" meta:resourcekey="Label1Resource1"> </asp:Label></td> <td style="width: 100px"> <asp:TextBox ID="TextBox1" runat="server" meta:resourcekey="TextBox1Resource1"> </asp:TextBox></td> </tr> </table> Example taken from .NET Internationalization Chapter 5 ASP.NET Specifics (page 140) Full version of the example is as follows: <table> <tr> <td style="width: 100px"> <asp:Label ID="Label1" runat="server" Text="User Name" meta:resourcekey="Label1Resource1"> </asp:Label></td> <td style="width: 100px"> <asp:TextBox ID="TextBox1" runat="server" meta:resourcekey="TextBox1Resource1"> </asp:TextBox></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width: 100px"> <asp:Label ID="Label2" runat="server" Text="Password" meta:resourcekey="Label2Resource1"> </asp:Label></td> <td style="width: 100px"> <asp:TextBox ID="TextBox2" runat="server" meta:resourcekey="TextBox2Resource1"> </asp:TextBox></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="width: 100px"> <asp:Button ID="Button1" runat="server" Text="Login" Width="264px" meta:resourcekey="Button1Resource1" /></td> </tr> </table> Notice that the original Text Example taken from .NET Internationalization Chapter 5 ASP.NET Specifics (page 140) Full version of the example is as follows:

    32. Generate Local Resources Generate Local Resources Example Resource file: Example taken from .NET Internationalization Chapter 5 ASP.NET Specifics (page 138) Example taken from .NET Internationalization Chapter 5 ASP.NET Specifics (page 138)

    33. Generate Local Resources Generate Local Resources Original TEXT attribute is retained Not used at Runtime Shown at design time Property Windows - shown with pink icon: Example taken from .NET Internationalization Chapter 5 ASP.NET Specifics (page 141) Example taken from .NET Internationalization Chapter 5 ASP.NET Specifics (page 141)

    34. Preventing localization When using the Generate Local Resources tool Can prevent a control from being included in Generate Local Resources: <asp:Label ID="Label1" runat="server" Meta:localize=false Text="User name"> </asp:Label> Example taken from: .NET Internationalization page: 142Example taken from: .NET Internationalization page: 142

    35. Localize control Generate Local Resource tool Does NOT work with static text, e.g.: <p>This is an example.</p> Can substitute Localize control (derived from Literal), but must contain ONLY static text (no ASP.NET controls) <p> <asp:Localize ID=locEx runat=Server> This is an example. </asp:Localize> </p> Generate Local Resources will transform this to: <p> <asp:Localize ID=locEx runat=Server> meta:resourcekey=locEx Text=This is an example.> </asp:Localize> </p> Example taken from: Core Internet Application Development with ASP.NET 2.0 Pages 958-9 (with corrections) NOTE: <asp:Localize> element can contain ONLY static content and NOT any ASP.NET Web ControlsExample taken from: Core Internet Application Development with ASP.NET 2.0 Pages 958-9 (with corrections) NOTE: <asp:Localize> element can contain ONLY static content and NOT any ASP.NET Web Controls

    36. Explicit Expressions Generate Local Resource tool generates IMPLICIT expressions for controls with properties marked internally as Localizable(true) Explicit Expressions useful for binding resources to ANY property such as color, or ImageURL of ImageControl - use in HTML Attributes Steps:Create string resource entry: e.g.: WarningColor Using Controls Expressions select . Select the control, Expression Type choose: Resources Select the resource entry, property, resource Example taken from: .NET Internationalization pages: 151-4 The example for these EXPLICIT steps modifies a button definition as follows: <asp:Button ID="SellStockButton" runat="server" meta:resourcekey="SellStockButtonResource1" Text="Sell Stock" BackColor="<%$ Resources:WarningColor %>" /> Example taken from: .NET Internationalization pages: 151-4 The example for these EXPLICIT steps modifies a button definition as follows: <asp:Button ID="SellStockButton" runat="server" meta:resourcekey="SellStockButtonResource1" Text="Sell Stock" BackColor="<%$ Resources:WarningColor %>" />

    37. Explicit Expressions contd Explicit Expressions Syntax: <%$ Resources: resource-file, resource-key %>" If resource-file is not specified, then looks for resource-key in local resource Cannot combine: Explicit resource expression for a local resource and Implicit resource expression within same control Can combine: Explicit resource expression for a GLOBAL resource and Implicit resource expression within same control As discussed in: Core Internet Application Development with ASP.NET 2.0 Pages 962As discussed in: Core Internet Application Development with ASP.NET 2.0 Pages 962

    38. Global Resources Global Resources Reduces duplication All pages may share access to the same set of resources Necessary for Explicit resources where in control that also uses Implicit resources Compiled into a strongly typed class MUST be in folder: App_GlobalResources MUST use explicit resource references

    39. Programmatic Resource Access Global Resources Can use compiled classname labMessage.Text = Resources.GlobalColors.WarningColor; Local Resources User the GetLocalResourceObject labMessage.Text = (string)GetLocalResourceObject( PageResources1.title);

    41. Formatting - Overview Formatting Default setting dictated by: CurrentCulture Or, you may specify a particular culutre Culture senstitive Requires an SPECIFIC Culture E.g., en-GB NOT en Always use the Globalization class Consider Invariant for data exchange

    42. Formatting Overview contd Formatting Implications for: Text: Comparison, case conversion, string length Sorting Numbers/Currency Date/Time Issues: is the method sensitive to: CultureInfo.CurrentCulture

    43. Text comparison String comparison Culture Insensitive/Case Insensitive: == (equality operator) String.Equals(String,String) Culture Sensitive String.Equals(String,String,StringComparison) String.CompareTo(String) String.Compare(String,String) String.Compare(String,String,Boolean) case-T/F String.Compare(String,String,StringComparison)

    44. StringComparison StringComparison - Enumeration CurrentCulure CurrentCultureIgnoreCase InvariantCulture InvariantCultureIgnoreCase Ordinal OrdinalIgnoreCase Ordinal comparison based upon numerical values of the Char objects in each string StringComparison enumeration is new in .NET 2.0StringComparison enumeration is new in .NET 2.0

    45. Case conversion Case Conversion Many language scripts do not have have a concept of case e.g., Japanese, Chinese Culture Sensitive String.ToUpper() String.ToUpper(CultureInfo) String.Lower() String.ToLower(CultureInfo) Char.ToUpper() Char.ToUpper(CultureInfo) Char.ToLower() Char.ToLower(CultureInfo) Culture Insensitive -- Use CultureInfo overload and specify: CultureInfo.InvariantCulture Case conversion defaults to CurrentCultureCase conversion defaults to CurrentCulture

    46. Domain Name Processing International Domain names Originally only 7-bit ASCII characters 2003 IETF specifies interim solution until full use of Unicode Encoding system Unicode to ASCII domain names .NET 2.0 idnMapping class idnMapping.GetAscii idnMapping.GetUnicode Strategy: Display (and accept) URLs and e-mail addresses in Unicode Store and utilize URLs and e-mail addresses in Ascii Encoded form See discussion in the book: .NET Internationalization pages 209-212See discussion in the book: .NET Internationalization pages 209-212

    47. Sorting Collation in .NET Sorting Issues Distinction: (CompareOptions enumeration) Word sort weights on characters e.g., coop sorts close to co-op String sort all non-alphanumeric sort before alphanumeric Ordinal sort based on the numeric value each Char object Some Unicode characters can have multiple binary representations: composite characters dual-width Unicode has four different normalization algorithms to normalize a string Precise way of sorting/comparison in .NET: Normalize strings: System.String.Normalize - used Unicode normalization to map to standard Use Ordinal option on Compare to compare strings Normalization technique detailed in Visual Studio 2005 - .NET Framework Developers Guide under Normalization and SortingNormalization technique detailed in Visual Studio 2005 - .NET Framework Developers Guide under Normalization and Sorting

    48. Sorting/Collation - LCID Sorting Issues contd Most cultures have multiple sort orders e.g.: Spanish Modern/International - Traditional the culture: es-ES uses the default Modern/Intl sort .NET 2.0 allows creation for alternative sorting: CultureInfo cultureInfo = new CultureInfo(es-ES_tradnl); .NET 1.1 and 2.0 allow using Local ID (LCID) CultureInfo cultureInfo = new CultureInfo(0x0000040A); Details available in the book: .NET Internationalization Globalization chapter Pages: 182-7 The discussion on pages 187-9 describe the problems of depending upon the browser preferences distinguishing between different sort orders that are available for the same culutre.Details available in the book: .NET Internationalization Globalization chapter Pages: 182-7 The discussion on pages 187-9 describe the problems of depending upon the browser preferences distinguishing between different sort orders that are available for the same culutre.

    49. Numbers/Currency Numberic .ToString Culture formatted using NumberFormatInfo class Can be created for Specific or Invariant culture, but NOT created for a neutral culture Default set by CurrentCultures NumberFormat Property Standard number format Specifiers Uses NumberFormatInfo class: c, C Currency f, F Fixed Point n, N Number p, P Percent Does NOT use NumberFormatInfo class: d, D Decimal e, E Exponential x, X Hexadecimal g, G General r, R Round-trip Can specify a particular culture Val.ToString(N, new CultureInfo(fr-FR)) Table from the book: .NET Internationalization page 208Table from the book: .NET Internationalization page 208

    50. Numbers/Currency Parsing Input Numeric .Parse method Uses the CurrentCulture by default Can specify a particular culture NOTE: Formatting characters throw an exception UNLESS specify NumberStyles enumeration Any all styles except for Hex Currency - all styles except for Exponent and Hex None - all styles except for Exponent and Hex Number, Integer Example CultureInfo MyCultureInfo new CultureInfo(en-US); String MyString = 123,456; Int MyInt = int.Parse(MyString, All, MyCultureInfo); Source: Visual Studio 2005 - .NET Framework Developers Guide see: Parsing Numeric Strings and NumberStyles EnumerationSource: Visual Studio 2005 - .NET Framework Developers Guide see: Parsing Numeric Strings and NumberStyles Enumeration

    51. DateTime - Output DateTime .ToString method Culture formatted using DateTimeFormatInfo class Can be created for Specific or Invariant culture, but NOT created for a neutral culture Default set by CurrentCultures DateTimeFormat Property Uses CurrentCulture by default: ToString() ToShortDateString() ToLongDateString() ToShortTimeString() ToLongTimeString() Specify particular culture: ToString(string) ToString(string, IFormatProvider)

    52. ASP.NET Calendar Control ASP.NET Calendar control Automatically localized Defaults to the CurrentCulture NOTE: Not CurrentUICulture Issue: If CurrentCulture and CurrentUICulture are different, then the Calendar control will appear in the LANGUAGE of the CurrentCulture A brief discussion can be found in the book .NET Internationalizaiton pages 129-30A brief discussion can be found in the book .NET Internationalizaiton pages 129-30

    53. DateTime Parsing Input DateTime.Parse related methods .Net Framework 1.1, 2.0: Parse ParseExact .Net Framework 2.0: TryParse TryParseExact Example: CultureInfo MyCultureInfo new CultureInfo(de-DE); String MyString = 12 Juni 2002; DateTime MyDateTime = DateTime.Parse(MyString, MyCultureInfo); Briefly discussed in the book: .NET Internationalization Pages: 204-5 Briefly discussed in the book: .NET Internationalization Pages: 204-5

    54. Suggested References Books Inside Microsoft SQL Server 2005: The Storage Engine pp 11-14 by: Kalen Delaney ISBN: 0735621055 .NET Internationalization -- by Guy Smith Ferrier ISBN: 0321341384 Core Internet Application Development with ASP.NET 2.0 by: Randy Connolly ISBN: 0321419502 Briefly discussed in the book: .NET Internationalization Pages: 204-5 Briefly discussed in the book: .NET Internationalization Pages: 204-5

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