1. Economics Presenter Name Presenter Institution ACRL Scholarly Communication 101: Starting with the Basics

2. Macroeconomics of the SC system Pure and applied research communities Grants and funding agencies Universities and research centers Marketplace where info is sold/licensed Legal systems Public advocacy movements Global information network

3. 24,000 peer-reviewed journals 1,300,000 peer-reviewed articles per year 1,200 scholarly publishers (est.)

4. university presses commercial publishers societies & other non-profits

5. Journal publisher size guide Petite (5 or fewer) 54% Small (6-10) 11% Medium (11-25) 16% Large (26-50) 8% X-Large (51-100) 4% XX-Large (100+) 7% Scholarly Journals Market Scholarly publishing practice: academic journal publishers’ policies and practices in online publishing, 3rd survey, ALPSP, 2008

6. STM sector $ 16.1 B revenue in 2006 Scholarly Journals Market Data from Outsell’s 2006 STM market report SSH sector $ 3 B

7. $ 5.8 billion merged with Wiley 2007 John Wiley Amer Chem Soc Blackwell Elsevier Kluwer Health Springer $ 10.3 billion STM $16.1 B other 1,195 publishers Data from Outsell’s 2006 STM market report

8. Dysfunction rooted in problematic economic model

9. normal economy Steel Cars Auto manufacturers Consumers Steelmakers $ $

10. gift economy Article Journal Author Publisher Library $ $ S P&T Grants Reputation Prestige

11. wholesale transfer of rights IP creates scarcity/monopoly Publisher drives prices up (inelastic market)

12. The result: Average serial price up 227% Average book price up 65% CPI up 57%

13. Libraries challenge pricing power Publishers try to sustain revenue flow Subsidizing journal start-ups Canceling journals Cutting book purchases Forming consortia Fighting mergers Tying print to online Bundling journals Requiring multi-yr contracts Buying other publishers Raising prices

14. cost to produce one journal article Average journal article Average journal article My Facuty, PhD My Facuty, PhD $ 3,400 $ 730 XYZ Commercial Publisher Amsterdam, London, New York ABC Not-for- Profit Publisher Roger Clarke, The cost profiles of alternative approaches to journal publishing, First Monday, 3 December 2007

15. Economics of quality? 9% $ 62% citations 91% dollars 38% citations

16. External Economic Pressures on Journals Market U.S. Library Spending, R&D Spending, and Journals 1995-2007 From Outsell’s Open Access Primer (Public Version), December 2009

17. Scholarly communications reform includes efforts to establish balanced, sustainable economic models

18. Open Access (full) (hybrid) Article Journal Article Free to all readers Author Publisher • Grant/Research Foundation funding • Subsidy: Author/Institution/Library pays • Subscription to non-research content • Advertising

19. Outsell estimates of OA as of April 2009: • OA articles 9.8% of articles • 3.1% of market • Growing 11.3% per year

20. Competitive economic models • Open Journals System • Scholarly Exchange • Open Humanities Press

21. SCOAP3 transition model $ $ Authors Free to all readers HEP Journals Publisher Library SCOAP3 Governing Board manages bidding process and pricing with publishers

22. A crisis is a terrible thing to waste three things to think about

23. Long-term solution may include shifting of library funds from collecting to producing or subsidizing scholarly content

24. Outsell, a market intelligence service, says “access-based models will not last.” Content is no longer king in the STM information business.

25. Questions? Comments? Lee C. Van Orsdel Grand Valley State University

26. This work was created by Lee Van Orsdel for the ACRL National Conference, Scholarly Communications 101 Workshop and last updated October 14, 2010. Acknowledgement: Slide 21 was revised by Kimberly Douglas (Caltech) and included in the Oct. 14, 2010 version. It is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0 United States License. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/