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The Christian Kingdoms

Learn about the expansion of the Christian kingdoms during the Reconquista, the colonization of new territories, and the coexistence of Christians, Jews, and Muslims. Explore the history and significance of the Christian kingdoms in the Medieval period.

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The Christian Kingdoms

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  1. The Christian Kingdoms

  2. EXPANSION OF THE CHRISTIAN KINGDOMS

  3. EXPANSION OF CHRISTIAN KINGDOMSBook page 60 • The Reconquista involvedtheoccupation of territoryfromonerivervalleytoanother • In 9th and 10th centurieschristiankingdomsadvancedsouth of theDuero valley. Itwasn´t a conquest. Thisterritorywasabandonedbythemuslims • In 11th and 12th centuries, christiankingdoms extended beyondtheTajo valleyand theEbro valley(Conquest of Toledo by Alfonso VI in 1085 and conquest of Zaragoza by Alfonso I theBattler in 1118) • Afterthebattle of Las Navas de Tolosa (1212), christiankingdomsadvancedquickly and extended beyondtheGuadiana and Guadalquivir valleyshttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IHKev1M140o • At theend of 13th centuryonlytheNasridkingdom of Granada resistedthechristianforces.

  4. EXPANSION OF CHRISTIAN KINGDOMS • Aftertheoccupation of the new territories, thechristiankingscolonisedthemwithgroups of peasants. ThisiscalledRepopulation • In ordertoencourageemigration, thekingsgaveprivilegescalledfuerostothetowns • Sometimestheterritorywasunderpopulated, so thekingsgaveittothemilitaryorders

  5. FUERO (CARTA PUEBLA) OF CIUDAD REAL GIVEN BY ALFONSO X é quis que oviera hy una grand villa é bona que corrieresn todos por fuero é que fuese cabesza de toda aquella tierra é mandela poblar en aquel lugar que dicen el Pozuelo de D. Gil, é púsele nombre Real. Et Yo sobre dicho Rey D. Alfonso otórgoles é doles para siempre jamás é á todos los moradores que fuesen en esta Villa-Real la sobre dicha é en todo su término que hayan el fuero de Cuenca en todas cosas

  6. THREE CULTURES • DURING THE RECONQUISTA THREE DIFFERENT RELIGIOUS CULTURES LIVED TOGETHER IN THE CHRISTIAN KINGDOMS: • CHRISTIANS, • JEWS, SOMETIMES PERSECUTED AND • MUSLIMS, CALLED MUDÉJARES

  7. Kingdom of Asturias and León • 722. Battle of Covadonga. Don Pelayo defeatedtheMuslims • At theEnd of VIII century, Alfonso II establishedthecourt in Oviedo • Alfonso III the Great expandedtheKingdom and moved the capital to León in the 10th century. TheterritorybecametheKingdom of León

  8. Kingdom of Castile • Castilestarted as a union of somecountiesfrom León underFernan González thatbecameCount of Castile in 930 and couldachieve a relativeindependencefrom León in 960 • Afterbeingannexedto Navarra, itbecameanindependentKingdomafterthedeath of Sancho III de Navarra in 1035. Thefirst King of CastilewasFernando I Tomb of Fernán González en Covarrubias

  9. The Kingdom of Navarra • During IX century, theJimena dinastycouldachieveindependencefromthecarolingianEmpire • UnderSancho III the Great (1000-1035)theKingdom of Navarra becamethemostpowerfulkingdom in thePeninsula • Afterhisdeath, hiskingdomwasdividedbetweenhissons: Fernadobecameking of Castile, García becameking of Navarra and Ramiro becameking of Aragón

  10. The Kingdom of Aragón • During IX century the Galindo family achieved independence from the Carolingian Empire with the count Aznar Galindo. • In 922 the county of Aragón was annexed to Navarra • After the death of Sancho III the Great of Navarra (1035), his son Ramiro I became the firs King of Aragón

  11. The Catalan Counties • In 874, Wilfred the Hairy united the catalan counties and became independent from the carolingians TheKingdom of Portugal In 1143, Alfonso Enríquez became independent from the Kingdom of León and was the first King of Portugal

  12. The Crown of Castile • After Fernando I became the first King of Castile, Castile gradually became the most powerful Kingdom. Alfonso VI conquered Toledo in 1085 and passed the Tajo valley. • Alfonso VIII defeated the almohads in the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa in 1212 • In 1230 Fernando III the Saint united León and Castile and founded the Crown of Castile

  13. The Crown of Castile (II) • Government Castile and León became a unifiedState, withsameinstitutions and samelaw The King hadgreatpower and thecastilianParliament, calledCortes, couldnotlegislate, butjustapproveorreject new taxes • Economy Basedonagriculture, butmainlystockbreeding of merino sheep. Thewool of the merino sheepwasexportedtoEurope and waseconomically so importantthatthekingsprotecteditstrade and grantedprivilegestotheMesta (assembly of noble sheepbreeders) as therighttograzeonpeasants´ land.

  14. The Crown of Aragón • In 1134 died Alfonso I the Battler without issue • His brother, Ramiro II, who was a monk, was forced to become King and to have a child • Ramiro II, had a daughter, Petronila, who was betrothed to Ramon Berenguer IV, count of Barcelona, at the age of one. After the marriage, they had a son, called Alfonso Ramon, who became King of Aragón and Count of Barcelona as Alfonso II the Chaste. This union is called the Crown of Aragón • In 13th century, James I the Conqueror expanded the Crown of Aragón to the south conquering Valencia, Alicante, Murcia and the Balearic islands. His son, Peter the Great conquered Sicily and started the expansion through the Mediterranean Sea

  15. The almogavars • Thealmogavarswereprofessionalssoldiers, whoservedthekings of Aragón withtheirMediterraneanexpansion. AfterconqueringSicily, Sardinia and Naples, the Kings of Aragón wantedtogetrid of suchviolenttroops and letthemtraveltohelptheByzantinianEmperoragainstthemuslims. Afterfightingtheturks, theywerebetrayedbythebyzantiniansand their leader, Roger de Flor, wasassassinated. Thealmogavars, in revenge, conquered Athens and itsterritory and establishedtheretheduchies of Athens and Neopatria. Although the duchy eventually fell to the Ottoman Empire, even today the King of Spain still holds the title of 'Duke of Athens and Neopatria'.

  16. Thealmogavars Entry of Roger de Flor in Constantinople Painting of José Moreno (1888)

  17. The Crown of Aragón (II) • Government The Crown of Aragón was a union of differentkingdoms(Aragón, Valencia, Mallorca) and counties (catalancounties). Eachterritorykeptitsowninstitutionsand customs: Justicia in Aragón, Generalitat in Catalonia and Valencia. The Kings of Aragón hadalwaystoseektheirapprovalforstarting new enterprises • Economy Agriculturewasthemaineconomicactivity in Aragón Tradewasveryimportanttoo. Afterthemediterraneanexpansion of the Crown of Aragón, thecatalanmerchantstravelledallaround de Mediterranean Sea and foundedcommercialofficescalledConsulates

  18. Compare theCrowns of Castile and Aragón UNIFIED STATES SAME INSTITUTIONS, SAME LAW FOR ALL THE KINGDOM CORTES HAD NO POWER AGRICULTURE BUT MAINLY STOCK BREEDING OF MERINO SHEEP UNION OF DIFFERENT KINGDOMS WITH THEIR OWN LAWS AND CUSTOMS THE KINGS HAD TO SEEK THE CORTES´APPROVAL MAINLY AGRICULTURE AND TRADE

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