托福写作教程

1. 托福写作教程 杭州新东方学校 罗琼

2. qiong_9@yahoo.com.cn • 15988850987

3. 综合写作 形式: 读+听+写 内容: 阐明观点相互联系性 分数权重: 1/2 时间要求: 20分钟 字数要求: 150-225词 独立写作 形式: 议论文 内容: 对议题发表看法 分数权重: 1/2 时间要求: 30分钟 字数要求:至少300词 托福写作介绍

4. 30 28 25 22 20 17 14 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 托福写作分数换算

5. 应试写作的三个层次 • 写得出 • 写得对 • 写得炫

6. 应试写作难点 • 写作本身难度大, 是驾驭一门语言的最高境界, 属于信息的输出,是逻辑、语法 、词汇 、文化等的综合统一

7. 应试写作难点 • 大脑一片空白 基本无话可说 • 绿叶对根的情意 • Do you agree or disagree that progress is always good? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.

8. 应试写作难点 • 表达漏洞百出 可读性相当差 • In China, because its tradition, the old is most raised by their children. • In China, because of its tradition, the old are mostly supported by their children.

9. 应试写作难点 • 中式英语泛滥 考官哭笑不得 • Pollution makes us cannot breathe fresh air. • Pollution makes us unable to breathe fresh air.

10. 应试写作难点 • 口语痕迹明显 好似娓娓道来 • I say it’s a good thing. • Now I’ll tell you a story about myself.

11. 应试写作难点 • 表达捉襟见肘 词句鲜有亮点

12. 越来越多的刚刚毕业的大学生发现找到好工作是越来越难。越来越多的刚刚毕业的大学生发现找到好工作是越来越难。 • More and more college graduates who have just graduated from university find that finding a good job is more and more difficult.

13. 越来越多的刚刚毕业的大学生发现找到好工作是越来越难越来越多的刚刚毕业的大学生发现找到好工作是越来越难 • A growing number of fresh graduates find that obtaining a decent job is increasingly difficult.

14. 越来越多的刚刚毕业的大学生发现找到好工作是越来越难。越来越多的刚刚毕业的大学生发现找到好工作是越来越难。 • A growing number of fresh graduates find that being employed by a decent employer is increasingly difficult.

15. 越来越多的刚刚毕业的大学生发现找到好工作是越来越难。越来越多的刚刚毕业的大学生发现找到好工作是越来越难。 • The difficulty of being employed by a decent employer is on the rise, as the number of fresh graduates grows.

16. 托福独立写作评分标准 • 5分:文章切题,阐说充分,文章有说服力;段落组织有序,衔接紧密,过渡自然,有很强的逻辑性;段落内句与句连接顺畅,句式使用恰当,灵活,成熟;用词确切,得体.文章中有个别语法拼写错误,但不影响内容表达. • 4分:文章切题,阐说基本充分,在某些细节上有缺陷.段落层次组织有序,衔接紧密,过渡自然,逻辑性强;句间连接顺畅,句式使用恰当,灵活;用词基本得体.文章中有少量用词不当和语法拼写错误. • 3分:文章切题,阐说尚可,展开不够.段落层次组织有序,衔接紧密,过渡自然,有逻辑性;句间连接基本顺畅;有部分句法错误;用词一般,有时不得体.词性区分和拼写等有若干错误. • 2分:文章切题,段落组织基本合理,有逻辑性,但只存在于语义层次上,语言表达上未能体现;句子框架结构基本成立,但有许多语法错误,句间联系不顺畅,往往是不善于使用逻辑连词,显得幼稚,生硬.词汇方面拼写错误多,常有用词不得体现象. • 1分:文章切题.阐说没有展开,只限于三言两语地回答问题;没有段落组织,很乱,长度很短,只有一段;句子排列有一定的逻辑关系,能看出各句基本框架,但结构或语法错误较多;用词不得题,拼写错误多. • 0分:文章各方面都有严重错误,句子不像句子.总体印象是根本没有写作能力,英语水平太低,够不上1分标准,只能打最低分.

17. 托福独立写作要求 • 谋篇: 观点突出 结构合理 • 谋段: 论证充分 言之有物 • 谋句: 正确 多变 关联 • 谋词: 准确 多变

18. 托福独立写作题目分类 • 对比选择型 • 支持反对型 • 自选论述型 • 问题分析型

19. 托福独立写作的步骤 • 审题 内容？ 形式？ • 构思 头脑风暴 Outline • 行文 • 检查 The first draft of anything is SHIT. ---- By Hemmingway

20. 对比选择型 • Some people think that the automobile has improved modern life. Others think that the automobile has caused serious problems. What is your opinion? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.

21. For 方便高效 convenient & efficient 丰富生活 enrich lifestyle 推动相关产业 boost related industries Against 耗尽石油资源 deplete fuel resources worldwide 空气污染 air pollution 交通阻塞和事故 traffic jam and accidents Outline

22. Structure 结构 • Introduction 总起段 • Body 主体段 • Conclusion 总结段

23. Introduction 总起段 • Background 背景 • Controversy (2 different / opposite ideas) 争议 • Statement 观点 • Transition 过渡

24. Background 背景 • Being a controversial issue, the great popularity of automobile has aroused a great deal of attention in society during the past decades. • Nowadays, the issue on the great popularity of automobile is highly debatable, and ideas vary from person to person.

25. Controversy 争议 • Some people think that it is good, other people think that it is bad. • Some people think that the automobile has improved modern life. Others think that the automobile has caused serious problems.

26. Controversy 争议 • Some would claim daily life has been upgraded due to automobile, while some others may suggest that severe problems are the results (which are) brought by automobile. • Some would claim daily life has been upgraded due to automobile, while the idea that severe problems are the results brought by automobile is still held by some others.

27. Controversy 争议 • Think → claim / suggest / believe / advocate / maintain / argue / suppose • Good → beneficial / profitable / helpful / sound / decent • Bad → harmful / detrimental / hazardous • Advantage → merit / virtue / benefit / profit / pro • Disadvantage → demerit / drawback / flaw / shortcoming / con / cost

28. Statement 观点 • 简洁明了 concrete & concise • As for me, I side with the former / latter. • As far as I am concerned, I believe automobile is indispensable in everyday life. • In my view, it is much better to have everyday life without automobile.

29. Transition 过渡 • In the following paragraphs, I would present some reasons. • A few explanations / examples would be presented as follows. • Thus essential and persuasive evidences would be provided in the subsequent paragraphs to verify my perspective.

30. Conclusion 总结段 • Statement 观点 rewrite, not copy • All in all / To conclude / In conclusion / In general / To sum up • When all the above-mentioned factors are taken into consideration, a conclusion could be drawn that …

31. Conclusion 总结段 • From my point of view, it is advisable to take advantage of automobile while eliminate its drawbacks. • From where I stand, automobile can not be an essential factor in pursuing a perfect life.

32. Body 主体段 • To begin with / Firstly / First and foremost • Secondly / In addition / Moreover • In the third place / Furthermore / Last but not least

33. For 方便高效 convenient & efficient 丰富生活 enrich lifestyle 推动相关产业 boost related industries Against 耗尽石油资源 deplete fuel resources worldwide 空气污染 air pollution 交通阻塞和事故 traffic jam and accidents Outline

34. For • Introduction • To begin with, automobile makes some work convenient and efficient … • In addition, automobile enriches lifestyle … • Furthermore, automobile boosts related industries … • 让步段 • Conclusion

35. For • Introduction • To begin with, it is convenient and efficient to travel by automobile … • In addition, lifestyle can be enriched via automobile … • Furthermore, automobile boosts related industries … • 让步段 • Conclusion

36. 方便高效 convenient & efficient • To begin with, it is convenient and efficient to travel by automobile. • For example, from downtown to suburb, by car, it costs a few hours. • Otherwise, by bicycle or on foot, nearly one day is needed. • Anywhere around the city could be reached within one day. • It is the automobile that brings about urbanization.

37. 丰富生活 enrich lifestyle • In addition, lifestyle can be enriched via automobile. • With automobile, lifestyle could be more colorful and entertaining and life radius may be enlarged. • Traveling widens horizon and visualizes what is learnt in books. • Besides, shopping enables one to relieve the pressure of work and study. • Only by his own car can one go anywhere at any time.

38. 推动相关产业 boost related industries • Furthermore, automobile boosts related industries. • Now it is possible to develop tourism and logistics. • Fast speed saves time, and long distance is no longer a barrier to the tourist attractions far away. • Besides, fresh fruit and vegetable could be delivered across the nation within a few days, and the express industry may be booming.

39. 让步段 • Although automobile may sometimes seem to have some demerits, such as leading to depletion of fuel resources worldwide, air pollution and traffic jam and accidents, its overall profits far outweigh its drawbacks.

40. 让步段 • Despite the fact that there are still some flaws existing, such as leading to depletion of fuel resources worldwide, air pollution and traffic jam and accidents, automobile is profitable on the whole.

41. 一边倒 Against • Introduction • To begin with, automobile depletes fuel resources worldwide … • In addition, automobile leads to air pollution … • Furthermore, automobile leads to traffic jam and accidents … • 让步段 • Conclusion

42. 一边倒 Against • Introduction • To begin with, fuel resources worldwide are depleted due to automobile … • In addition, air pollution results from automobile … • Furthermore, traffic jam and accidents are problems brought by automobile … • 让步段 • Conclusion

43. 耗尽石油资源 deplete fuel resources worldwide • To begin with, fuel resources worldwide are depleted due to automobile. • It is estimated that the great amount of cars consume most fuel, and the proportion keeps expanding. • Human beings are in the crisis of oil shortage, which may pose a potential threat to the world peace, and trigger conflict or even war.

44. 空气污染 air pollution • In addition, air pollution results from automobile. • Global warming is an international issue, and the large number of carbon dioxide (which is) emitted from cars accelerates global warming. • Besides, sulfur dioxide contributes to worsening of air quality, and therefore fresh air is no longer available. And acid rain stemming from sulfur dioxide destroys plants in the field.

45. 交通阻塞和事故traffic jam and accidents • Furthermore, traffic jam and accidents are problems brought by automobiles. • With the ever-increasing number of cars, citizens suffer traffic jam greatly. In rush hour, by car, it usually costs 30 minutes to cover the distance of five minutes’ walk. • Moreover, traffic accidents are frequently the headlines of newspaper. It is not uncommon that traffic accidents disable some drivers and pedestrians, and even deprive them of their lives.

46. 让步段 • Although automobile may sometimes seem to have some merits, such as convenience and efficiency, enriching lifestyle, and boosting related industries, its overall drawbacks far outweigh its profits.

47. 让步段 • Despite the fact that there are still some merits existing, such as beingconvenient and efficient, enriching lifestyle, and boosting related industries, automobile is detrimental on the whole.

48. 议论文的论点论据论证

49. 常见的论证方法 • 举例：形象化，生动化，易于理解 • 比较：中国人强调绝对，好就是好，很好就是很好；西方人强调相对，任何东西要放在整体的环境中看 • 引用：it is reported that…, it is said that…, it is universally acknowledged that…, it is revealed by official figure that… • 反证：从with这个角度不好想到，那么就从without 入手

50. 对比选择型 • Some people say that computers have made life easier and more convenient. Other people say that computers have made life more complex and stressful. What is your opinion? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.