POLITICS MATTER: POLITICS AND POLICY PROCESSES IN AFRICAN AGRICULTURE

1. WDR meeting Jan 07 www.future-agricultures.org POLITICS MATTER:POLITICS AND POLICY PROCESSES IN AFRICAN AGRICULTURE Future Agricultures Consortium Workshop on Politics and Policy Processes for the 2008 World Development Report on Agriculture 22-23 January 2006 Institute of Development Studies, UK

2. Future Agricultures Consortium WDR meeting Jan 07 www.future-agricultures.org From technical fixes to political processes of change • Structural change in the post-reform agricultural economy – new actors, new politics [Olukoshi; Amanor] • New elites and the politics of agriculture – who calls the shots? [Cromwell/Chintedza; Catley/Admassu et al; Toulmin/Gueye] • Globalised agri-food systems – new political economy of capital, labour, technology [Barrientos et al; Mulvany; Scoones] • Agrarian reform – as a condition for growth, and as an alternative to conflict [Lahiff/Cousins; Richards/Bah] • Donor agendas – mixed signals and the undermining of state capacity [Fall/Niang; Dorward et al]

3. Future Agricultures Consortium WDR meeting Jan 07 www.future-agricultures.org WDR perspectives: 1982 and 2008 • Changes in contexts – • 82: post-GR, world food crisis, global slow-down, commodity prices; • 08: Globalisation, a ‘new’ business-led agriculture, extended value chains • Changes in emphasis – • 82: role of state, extension; • 08: private sector, democratisation

4. Future Agricultures Consortium WDR meeting Jan 07 www.future-agricultures.org But similar solutions: focus on – • growth, transitions • technology potentials • problems of subsidies • role of private/non-govt sector • environmental issues • distortions of OECD policies ….. And ‘the problem’ of Africa

5. Future Agricultures Consortium WDR meeting Jan 07 www.future-agricultures.org WDR perspectives onpolitics and policy processes Focus on policy options (technical, market, institutional), less on politics and policy processes Although… WDR-08, some hints – • Links to decision-making (Box 1) and identification of ‘political economy process’ as entry point for intervention (Fig 8). • Economics for politics? ‘market imperfection’, ‘coordination failure’, ‘policy distortion’…

6. Future Agricultures Consortium WDR meeting Jan 07 www.future-agricultures.org But some big assumptions about: • ‘transmission’ (how growth links to poverty reduction); • ‘decision-making logics’ and ‘political will’ (how actually policy works in practice) • ‘democratisation’ (and how interests are negotiated in reality) • ‘structure of the agricultural economy’ (how economy and politics are linked) • ‘descaling the state’ (how ‘the state’ functions in practice) • ‘public-private’ (how relationships are constructed) • ‘globalisation’ (as a socio-political process) … and more (politics of knowledge/framing).

7. Future Agricultures Consortium WDR meeting Jan 07 www.future-agricultures.org Unearthing the politics – 1. ‘Transmission’ “The welfare effects of [the new agriculture] will depend on the extent to which the rural poor capture direct benefits as producers and indirect benefits as workers and consumers of food”…and “the behaviour of rural households and their different abilities to seize the benefits of growth”. Yes, but… • Multiple pathways of growth – and not all are ‘pro-poor’ or ‘broad-based’, within farming/labour/migration options • Lack of capture by poor of benefits and limited influence on directions of policy • Wage employment in ‘new agriculture’ not always beneficial to poor – and women in particular Why? POLITICS and POLICY PROCESSES

8. Future Agricultures Consortium WDR meeting Jan 07 www.future-agricultures.org 2. ‘Underinvestment and (mis)investment’ “Political constituencies and vested interests mobilise support for unproductive subsidies”…..”rather than core public goods” “Willingness to invest …enhanced by the rising power of civil society, the spread of representative democracy, the extensive decentralisation of governance, and the commitment to achieving development outcomes through agriculture [e.g. NEPAD]” Yes, but what about… • Neo-patrimonial politics inc. in ‘democratic’ countries • Politics of food staples and national ‘food security’ • Simplistic donor prescriptions (no subsidies, good governance etc.) and early withdrawal of funding from public sector (reform conditionalities) • Sectional interests of ‘civil society’ and lack of (poor) farmer political organisation and representation in policy processes

9. Future Agricultures Consortium WDR meeting Jan 07 www.future-agricultures.org 3. The global agenda: OECD tariffs and subsidies “Urgent international action is needed to reduced OECD tariffs and subsidies and to address the political economy of current policy” (p.18)… “In poorer countries reducing heavy taxation and protectionist tendencies will require tackling the political economy forces underlying these policies” (p.19) Yes, but what about…. • Addressing the political economy of globalisation – and whose ‘rules’, standards, etc. count? • Negotiating power and capacities of poorer countries in globalised (privatised) economy? • Addressing the rent-seeking behaviour and vested interests of elites who influence tax and trade policies to capture benefits?

10. Future Agricultures Consortium WDR meeting Jan 07 www.future-agricultures.org What’s missing? • Changing structures of agricultural economies and relationships between ‘old’ and ‘new’ agricultures - the implications for politics and policy (voice, representation, accountability etc.) • The untackled agenda of agrarian reform and the consequences for lack of growth and, potentially, conflict, and why governments, donors and others continue to avoid it (linking to 1). • The changing role of the state and the dangers of reifying ‘civil society’ and the ‘private sector’ as an alternative in the provision of public goods. • Global political economy of agri-food systems and implications for investment patterns, technology choices and trade. • The role of donors – good and (often) bad – in policy processes

11. Future Agricultures Consortium WDR meeting Jan 07 www.future-agricultures.org A politics and policy process agenda? • Building the capacity for effective representation and voice of diverse ‘farming’ (livelihood) interests across ‘old’ and ‘new’ agricultures through inclusive and deliberative policy processes • Agrarian reform as a central plank of agricultural growth policy in unequal agrarian societies (most and increasing)  linking agricultural policy to conflict/security issues • Re-imagining the coordinating, regulating state and (re)building the capacity of (bits of) the ‘post-adjustment’ state • Engagement in global dynamics through regional bodies, and building of national capacities to resist, negotiate and transform rules, organisations and investment flows. • Establishing real accountability of donors and governments in aid budget/programme planning processes, e.g. through rethinking PRS/SwAP models, roles of ministries of agriculture etc.

12. Future Agricultures Consortium WDR meeting Jan 07 www.future-agricultures.org In sum…. • Don’t rely on the technical, market and institutional fix. They often don’t work out! • There is an urgent need to put political economy and policy process thinking at the centre of policy efforts (like the WDR). • Politics and policy processes really do matter.

13. Future Agricultures Consortium WDR meeting Jan 07 www.future-agricultures.org