The amount of petroleum and natural gas in ANWR is not absolutely known.

Which of the following issues is NOT at the heart of the debate about the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR)? 12.1 • The amount of petroleum and natural gas in ANWR is not absolutely known. • The petroleum industry cares nothing about wildlife or the negative publicity that would result from harming wildlife. • ANWR is at the heart of migratory and reproductive routes for caribou, bear, and other wildlife. • Both the wildlife refuge and the migratory species that use the region currently have federal protection. • The U.S. public seems not to be inclined to reduce its consumption of gasoline and other petroleum products.

According to Figure 12–4, the percentage of global primary energy that is supplied by fossil fuels is approximately 12.2 • 39% • 24% • 6.5% • 1% • 86%

Which of the following fuels burns more cleanly than the others, releasing primarily carbon dioxide and water? 12.3 • petroleum • coal • natural gas • combustible renewables • agricultural and residential wastes

Which of the following is NOT an accurate description of electrical power in the U.S. at present? 12.4 • Electrical power is a secondary energy source. • Electrical power production consumes about a third of fossil fuel production. • Electrical demand has risen since the 1950s but will likely decrease in the future. • Electrical demand fluctuates with industrial use plus residential heating and cooling. • Electrical power tends to separate points of consumption from problems associated with point of production.

Of the U.S. end uses featured in Figure 12–10, which is the one with the largest percentage of total? 12.5 • transportation • industrial • residential / commercial • electrical • energy conversion

Of the U.S. end uses featured in Figure 12–10, which is the least efficient energy end use? 12.6 • transportation • industrial • residential • electrical • commercial

According to your text, how long would it take for natural processes to accumulate the organic matter needed to form the fossil fuel consumed worldwide each day? 12.7 • One day. • One year. • One average human generation. • 1,000 years. • Millions of years.

Which of the following is NOT true about petroleum, natural gas, and coal? 12.8 • They are still being formed at rates that will sustain current use. • They were formed due to heat and pressure. • The unevenness of deposits around the world has contributed to international conflict. • The presence of oil in modern day Alaska is evidence of tropical climate in the past. • They provide energy that has driven our economy, but also pollution that damages our environment.

Oil wells in the Appalachians of Pennsylvania (also known as the Quaker State) operate 12.9 • at maximum capacity. • all the time. • when the price of oil exceeds the cost of extraction. • in times of national need. • unpredictably.

According to your text, which is the single factor most responsible for the U.S. trade imbalance? 12.10 • Petroleum imports. • Labor unions. • Restrictive pollution laws. • Imports from Asia. • International assistance.

Responses to the Arab states oil embargo during 1973 included all of the following EXCEPT 12.11 • legal speed limits were reduced. • legislation was passed to improve fleet fuel efficiency by automobile manufacturers. • domestic exploration for oil deposits was increased. • alternative energy sources were investigated. • an efficient nationwide public transit system was established.

Long-term effects of the Arab states oil embargo during 1973 include 12.12 • the majority of cars on U.S. highways are small and energy efficient and people drive at the speed limit. • the majority of Americans limit the amount of driving that they do. • we have reduced our dependence upon imported petroleum dramatically. • public interest and investment in alternative energy has reduced our oil consumption. • none of the above.

Which of the following is NOT true about coal use in the U.S.? 12.13 • At current rates of consumption, U.S. coal reserves will likely be depleted by the end of the 21st century. • About half of U.S. electricity is generated by burning coal. • There are large deposits of coal within the continental U.S. • Legislation has been used to reduce the negative impacts of coal mining and pollution. • Burning of coal produces sulfur dioxide and fly ash plus higher carbon dioxide emissions than oil or natural gas.

Hubbert’s peak 12.14 • lies along the northern ridge of mountains in ANWR. • is a measure of the cost of crude oil. • refers to the underwater “mountain” struck by the Exxon Valdez oil tanker. • indicates that we have already passed maximum oil production worldwide. • measures automobile fuel efficiency.

Kerogen can be extracted from 12.15 • oil shales and oil sands. • abandoned, low production oil wells. • corn or soybean oil. • synthetic fuel. • none of these.

According to your text, which is a better way to reduce our nation’s vulnerability to oil price disruptions and negative global climate change? 12.16 • increasing use of domestic coal supplies • supply-side policies • demand-side policies • deregulation of electric power industry • opening ANWR for exploration and production

The amount of petroleum and natural gas in ANWR is not absolutely known.