1. ANTI-INFECTIVE AGENTS Roselyn A. Naranjo

2. Anti-infective Agent - is a general term that encompasses antibacterials, antibiotics, antifungals, antiprotozoans and antivirals. - are drugs capable of acting against infection, by inhibiting the spread or by killing the infectious agent.

3. CHEMOTHERAPHY • is the use of medicines (or drugs) to treat disease. •  can destroy cancer cells that have metastasized, or spread to parts of the body far away from the primary (original) tumor. - is the use of chemical substances to treat disease. In its modern-day use, it refers to cytotoxic drugs used to treat cancer or the combination of these drugs into a standardized treatment regimen. • is the study and use of chemical agents that are selectively more toxic to the invading organism. • it is the cure of an infectious disease without injury to the host.

4. Cytotoxic Cells - a cytotoxic T cell (also known as TC, CTL, T-Killer cell or killer T cell) belongs to a sub-group of T lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell) which are capable of inducing the death of infected or somatictumor cells. - they kill cells that are infected with viruses (or other pathogens ), or are otherwise damaged or dysfunctional.

5. Selective toxicity • is the property of certain chemicals to destroy one form of life without harming another. • the cornerstone of modern antimicrobial chemotherapy. Paul Ehrlich • discovered the antibacterial dyes and parasitic activity of organic arsenical.

6. Classification of chemotherapeutic Agents 1. Chemical Type 2. Biological Properties 3. Therapeutic indicators Types of Anti-infective agent according to source: 1. Antibiotics –derived from natural source or semi-synthetically prepared. 2. Antimicrobials –producedfrom synthetic substances.

7. Classification of Local Anti-infective Agents 1. Antiseptic • are compounds that kill or prevent the growth of • microorganism when applied to living tissue. Criteria of an ideal Antiseptic * exerts rapid and sustained lethal action against microorganism (narrow and broad spectrum) * retain activity in the presence of body fus including pus * non-irritating to tissues * non-allergenic * lack systemic toxicity when applied to skin or mucous membrane * does not interfere with healing

8. Classification of Local Anti-infective Agents 2. Disinfectant • is an agent that prevents infection by the destruction of pathogenic microorganisms when applied to inanimate objects Criteria of an ideal disinfectant * exerts a rapid lethal action against all potentially pathogenic microorganisms and spores. * has good penetrating power into organic matter * compatible with organic compounds (especially soap) * not inactivated by living tissues * non-corrosive * esthetically desirable (non-staining and odorless)

9. ALCOHOLS AND RELATED COMPOUNDS A. Alcohol • also known as ethanol, wine spirit, Cologne spirit. • has burning taste and flammable. • miscible with water and other organic solvents. • fermentation product from grain and other carbohydrates. • most widely abused of all recreational drugs. • metabolized in the liver to aldehyde then to acetic acid and finally to carbon dioxide and water.

10. Classification of Local Anti-infective Agents A. Alcohol The antibacterial action of alcohol is due to the denaturing effect on proteins. coagulates 70% ethyl alcohol 100% ethyl alcohol

11. Uses: • antiseptic, preservative, mild counter-irritant or solvent of pharmaceutical preparations including spirits, tinctures and fluidextracts. • rubbing alcohol is used as astringent, rubefacient, refrigerant and mild local anesthetic. • alleviate pain of neuralgia by injecting alcohol to nerve and ganglia. • used internally in diluted forms as a mild sedative, as a weak vasodilator, as carminative and as source of energy.

12. Types of alcohol Denatured alcohol • is ethanol that has been rendered unfit for use in intoxicating beverages by the addition of other substance. Completely denatured alcohol • contains added wood alcohol and benzene and is unsuitable for either external or internal use. Specially denatured alcohol • is ethanol treated with one or more substances so that its use may be permitted for specialized purposes. Examples are methanol for plant extracts Iodine in alcohol for tincture of iodine

13. ALCOHOLS AND RELATED COMPOUNDS B. Dehydrated Ethanol • also known as absolute alcohol • it contains not less than 99% by weight of C2H5OH. • it is prepared by azeotropic distillation of an ethanol and benzene mixture. • it has a very high affinity of water and must be stored in tightly sealed containers. • it is use primarily as chemical agent, but it has also been injected for the local relief of pain in carcinoma and neuralgia.

14. ALCOHOLS AND RELATED COMPOUNDS C. Isopropyl alcohol, USP • it is a clear, colorless liquid having a characteristic odor and slightly bitter taste. It is considered a suitable substitute for ethyl alcohol for most external uses, but it must not be taken internally. • it is prepared commercially by the sulfuric acid-catalyzed hydration of propylene.

15. Uses: ·- it is rapidly bactericidal in the concentration range of 50% to 95%. - 40% concentration is considered equal in antiseptic power to a 60% ethanol concentration. - Azeotropic isopropyl alcohol, USP is used by diabetics

16. To be continued…