1. UNIVERSITY OF RAJASTHAN JAIPUR STATUS OF WATER QUALITY OF RAJASTHAN Prof. R. V. Singh Department of Chemistry

2. Ground Water Quality Survey EXCESS FLUORIDE PROBLEM RAJASTHAN V/S OTHER STATES BIHAR 46 1072 21 527 TAMILNADU ANDHRA PRADESH ANDHRA PRADESH 7548 BIHAR GUJRAT HARYANA HIMACHAL PRADESH 23.4% KARNATAKA 12 KERALA MADHYA PRADESH RAJASTHAN MAHARASHTRA GUJRAT ORRISA 16560 2378 PUNJAB HARYANA 334 51.4 % RAJASTHAN HIMACHAL TAMIL NADU 488 UTTER PRADESH KARNATAKA 860 WEST BANGAL DELHI 287 KERALA 201 1138 700 39 PUNJAB

3. STATE HIGHLIGHTS Largest state of the country with an area of 3.42 Lakh Square Km. No. of Districts : 33 No. of Towns : 222 No. of Tehsils : 241 No. of In habitated Villages: 39787 (37889-1991) Only1%of the country’s resources. North-West region has scanty and uncertain rainfall South-East region has fairly to good rainfall. Ground water is the major source of drinking water.

4. Overall Ground Water Quality Status

5. COMPARISON OF GROUND-WATER QUALITY OF RAJASTHAN AND REST OF INDIA

6. CATEGORIZATION OF FLUORIDE AFFECTED DISTRICTS SURVEY - 2010 • The districts of Tonk, Churu, Barmer, Pali, Sirohi, Jalore, Raj Samand, Ajmer, Nagaur are worst affected.

7. CATEGORIZATION OF SALINITY (TDS>1500 mg/L) AFFECTED DISTRICTS, SURVEY - 2010 • The districts of Churu, Barmer and Bharatpur are worst affected.

8. CATEGORIZATION OF NITRATE AFFECTED DISTRICTSSURVEY - 2010 • The districts of Nagaur, Churu and Jhunjhunu are worst affected.

9. FLUORIDE LEVELS IN INDIAN STATES

10. CATEGORIZATION OF FLUORIDE AFFECTED DISTRICTS

13. DEFLUORIDATION TECHNIQUES • Now-a-days, a number of defluoridation techniques are being used. The basic principles of defluoridation being precipitation and ion exchange precipitation methods involve addition of chemicals and mixing them. The fluoride removal is through precipitation of fluoride in adsorption on the precipitates. Whereas, adsorption methods involve passage of fluoride water through a media and its removal takes place through adsorption or ion exchange.

14. DESALINATION 3.80 MLD Sea water Desalination Plant in Naripayiyur in Ramnad Salt is removed by Reverse Osmosis technique using RO membranes

15. TECHNOLOGIES FOR FLUORIDE REMOVAL 1. ACTIVATED ALUMINA TECHNOLOGY DOMESTIC FILTERS

16. 1. ACTIVATED ALUMINA TECHNOLOGY (Courtesy Dr. VenkadeswaraRao, SatyaSai Institute of Higher Learning, Prasanti, Andhra Pradesh)& Dr. A.K. Susheela) HANDPUMP ATTACHMENT / COMMUNITY INSTALLATION

20. PROBLEM High levels of nitrate can be of grave concern, especially to families with infants. Human babies are extremely susceptible to acute nitrate poisoning because of certain bacteria that may live in their digestive system during the first few months of life. These bacteria change nitrate into toxic nitrite(NO2). The nitrite reacts with haemoglobin (which carries oxygen to all parts of the body) to form methemoglobin, which does not carry oxygen. The decrease in proportion to the amount of haemoglobin converted to METHEMOGLOBIN. As the oxygen level decreases, the baby is gradually suffocated. This condition is called METHEMOGLOBINEMIA commonly referred to as “BLUE BABY” disease. Another concern about nitrate ingestion is the possibility that nitrites in the stomach and intestines may contribute to the development of some cancers. Some of the nitrate consumed can be converted in the body to nitrite, which under appropriate circumstances can combine with amines to form nitrosamines, well documented cancer-causing substances. So far, the only studies linking nitrate in drinking water with cancer have involved nitrate levels that are quite high(at or above 100-200 mg/L nitrate-N)

22. Pseudomonas Stutzeri