Trafficking of women and children for sexual exploitation

1. Presented by: Bethany Horstman, Erin Kao, Katie Kilcline, Wei Chern Ng, Fang Zhao Development Practice in International Settings Trafficking of women and children for sexual exploitation

3. Overview • Background and Trends • Definition • Prevention • Intervention • Case Studies • Recommendations

4. Human Trafficking Industry • The United Nations estimates nearly 2.5 million people from 127 different countries are being trafficked around the world. • Human trafficking is the fastest-growing criminal industry in the world, between $5 billion and $9 billion. • Global annual market of about $42.5 billion.

5. Human Trafficking Defined • The TVPA defines “severe forms of trafficking” as: • Sex trafficking in which a commercial sex act is induced by force, fraud, or coercion, or in which the person induced to perform such an act has not attained 18 years of age; or • the recruitment, harboring, transportation, provision, or obtaining of a person for labor or service, through the use of force, fraud, or coercion for the purpose of subjection to involuntary servitude, peonage, debt bondage, or slavery.

6. The Purposes of human trafficking • Prostitution • Forced labor • Involuntary servitude • Adoption – sale of babies

9. What is Trafficking?

10. The “3 P” in anti-trafficking Protection: The Trafficking Victims Protection Act, 2000(TVPA) Trafficking in Persons report, 2009. • Punishment: Punishing trafficking offenders. • Protection: Legally prescribed penalties; protecting victims adequately. • Prevention: Imposed penalties; spotlights on addressing demand.

11. International / Regional Organisations International organisations PREVENTION & INTERVENTION– Organizational Levels

12. Non-governmental organisations/ Foundations / Corporate organisations

13. Local governments • Local organisations Ho Chi Minh City Child Welfare Federation

14. Faith-based organisations • Coalitions

15. Prevention and the Role of NGOs • Methods are directed at a particular site: • Origin, transit, borders, destination • 4 Categories of Intervention: • Individuals, communities, private businesses, and local and national government officials • 3 Types of Intervention: • Awareness/Education, Community networking, and Empowerment

16. Target Populations • Target on the Supply Side: • children and women, between 5 and 25, rural, poor, with little education • also urban, educated women targeted through the entertainment and marriage-broker industries • Target on the Demand Side: • individual male clients, male tourists, businessmen

17. Raising Awareness Prevention on the Supply side: • -radio soap opera • -Television PSAs • -Toll-free hotline with info on travel abroad, migration, legal jobs, and the dangers of trafficking • -school outreach programs • -feature-length films • -Public rallies in markets

18. Raising Awareness Prevention on the Demand side: • -“Infomercial” with the message that “real men don’t buy women” • -A film aimed at clients and recruiters that graphically depicts the devastation done to a woman • -A campaign for traffickers, tourists, and the public that warns that the public will not tolerate child exploitation

19. Community Networking • Strategies: • Elicit community level monitoring • Start new NGOs • Build capacity organizations • Examples: • vigilante groups of mothers in high-risk areas to protect daughters • networking among street vendors in bus stations to watch travelers and empower them to protect women • training, networking, conferences for professionals and NGOs

20. Empowerment • Target: at-risk women –girls with limited access to jobs, those about to graduate, those that are victims of violence, and orphans or rural girls • Strategies: • vocational training, educational training, and income-generating projects • legal education, community centers, prevention homes, micro-credit, raise self-esteem • creating job opportunities • intercepted, rescued and repatriated girls to identify traffickers and trafficked women at borders • loans etc. to support families to prevent them from selling children

21. Effectiveness and Sustainability • NGOs work well on a grassroots level, with local people in a local context • Few NGOs are able to run sustainable, long-term programs, lack of funding • Difficult to analyze outcomes of prevention • Conflicting ideologies on prostitution

22. Intervention Strategies • Support after returning • Counseling (individual & family) • Non-formal education • Transitional shelter • Seed money for return home (business) • Skills training: crafts, child care, animal husbandry • Medical care • Residential care for those who cannot go home • Long-term residential care • Job placement (self-organization) • Arranged marriages

23. Intervention Strategies (cont.) • Care & support of those with HIV • Medical treatment • AIDS hospice • Community/ family advocacy • Brothel-based rescue • Legal assistance for trafficked women and girls • Advocacy, public education, networking • Enforcement and prosecution

24. Participatory Research on Effectiveness of intervention • Methods that don’t work: • Welfare approach (vs. empowered) • No distinction between trafficking, sex work and migration • Assuming that reintegrating with family is the best option • Methods that do work: • Community development • Safe migration strategies • Women’s empowerment: building self-esteem, fostering independent living, counseling, variety of future options (including non-traditional)

25. Participatory Empowerment in Nepal: ShaktiSamuha • Shakti Samuha “An Empowered Group” • Founded 1996 by women rescued from an Indian brothel • Highest value is empowerment • Voice to women who are in danger of being rejected by home communities • Help other returning trafficking survivors • Provide shelter, legal aid, vocational training, counseling Prevention • Adolescent Girls Groups: poorest communities to spread message about trafficking. Forum for girls to speak out against gender discrimination • Outreach to rural districts where trafficking is prevalent • Street performances: women make a united stand against the traffickers • Focus on prevention since “know that only a small percentage of girls are rescued from trafficking”

26. PRA in Cambodia International Labor Organization's The Mekong Sub-regional Project to Combat Trafficking in Children and Women (ILO-TICW) • Training key community members as community organizers to raise awareness • Skills training for improved livelihood • Non formal education, basic literacy skills, animal raising, vegetable growing, tailoring, small business management • Village development committees learnt how to use PRA techniques as a method to carry out training and assess needs of villagers at risk. Child safe tourism   • Outreach to child beach vendors- education on risks and dangers • Outcome: children reported changing personal behaviorfor their own protection, such as alerting a friend when they go to a remote part of the beach, and refusing to accompany strangers to their hotels, moving around in groups.

27. Participation in Schools: South Africa

28. Recommendations-Micro • Participatory monitoring and evaluation of local programs • Available micro-credit loans, educational scholarships, infrastructure support • Build networks and coalitions to pool resources • More efforts on curbing demand of trafficked women and girls • Need a stronger emphasis on local, grassroots, and participatory approaches, than on national campaigns

29. Recommendations - Macro • Focus advocacy on promoting safe migration. • Develop appropriate monitoring & evaluation for NGOs. • Gov’t commitment to ending sexual exploitation. • Laws to protect women’s rights • Coordinate global, national, and regional initiatives. • Understand social, economic, and cultural factors affecting the supply and demand of human beings.

30. Recommendations-Theoretical • Clarity of terms “trafficking”, “vulnerability”, “prostitution”, “migration” • Analyze the interplay of gender with human rights, female empowerment, and development • Paradigm shift from “rehabilitation” to support & sustainable income (empowerment)

31. Activities

32. What to do when you suspect sex trafficking here • Look out for the following: • Evidence of being controlled • Evidence of inability to move or leave hob • Bruises or other signs of physical abuse • Fear or depression • Not speaking on own behalf and/or non English speaking • No passport or other forms of identification or documentation

33. What to do when you suspect sex trafficking here • Key Questions to Ask: • What type of work do you do? Are you being paid? • Can you leave your job if you want to? • Can you come and go as you please? • Have you or your family been threatened? • What are your working and living conditions like? • Has your identification or documentation been taken from you?

34. What to do when you suspect sex trafficking here • National Hotline 1-888-3737-888 • Spanish Hotline 1-888-80-AYUDA (1-888-80-29832) •  Korean Hotline 1-888-976-5274 • Call 911 if there is immediate danger

35. What to do when you suspect sex trafficking here • St Louis Restore and Rescue Coalition • Headed by International Institute • Contact : 314-772 9090, 314-369-2305 (after office hrs) • Other resources • Interpreters: LAMP Agency 866-948-7133 • Shelters : St Martha’s Hall 314-533-1313 Lydia’s House 314-771-4411 • Legal Services: Legal Services of Eastern Missouri 314-534-4200