Unit 8

1. Unit 8 THE RENAISSANCE

2. A. Rise of Trade 1. RESURGENCE OF EUROPE -THE GROWTH OF EUROPE’S POPULATION AND ECONOMY DURING THE LATE MIDDLE AGES CAN BE TRACED BACK TO THE FOLLOWING THREE FACTORS (1) COMMERCIAL REVOLUTION (2) ADVANCEMENTS IN AGRICULTURE (3) MEDIEVAL GUILDS -THESE CHANGES BROUGHT ABOUT THE GROWTH OF CITIES AND THE ESTABLISHMENT OF TRADE ROUTES THAT LINKED EUROPE WITH THE MIDDLE EAST AND ASIA

3. (1) Commercial Revolution -DURING THE LATE MIDDLE AGES, INCREASED AVAILABILITY OF GOODS AND NEW WAYS OF DOING BUSINESS CHANGED LIFE IN EUROPE -THIS EXPANSION OF TRADE AND BUSINESS BECAME KNOWN AS THE COMMERCIAL REVOLUTION - ONE REASON FOR THIS GROWTH IN THE ECONOMY WAS DUE TO THE RISE OF CAPITALISM DEFINITION: ECONOMIC SYSTEM BASED ON PRIVATE OWNERSHIP AND THE INVESTMENT OF RESOURCES (FACTORS OF PRODUCTION) - FACTORS OF PRODUCTION DEFINITION: LAND, LABOR AND CAPITAL (MONEY) -MERCHANTS BEGAN TO INVEST CAPITAL IN OTHER BUSINESSES WHICH HELPED THE ECONOMY GROW

4. (2) Advancements in Agriculture -Europe’s economic changes were fueled by an increased food supply that helped increase Europe’s population -New methods of farming led to an increased number of crops grown - Use of horses to plow more lands - Three-field system (form of crop rotation to keep fields full of nutrients) -Well-fed people, especially children, could resist disease better and live longer which led to an increase in population

5. (3) Development of Guilds -THE DEVELOPMENT OF GUILDS ALSO LED TO EUROPE’S ECONOMIC GROWTH DEFINITION: AN ORGANIZATION OF INDIVIDUALS IN THE SAME BUSINESS OR OCCUPATION WORKING TO IMPROVE THE ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL CONDITIONS OF ITS MEMBERS - THE FIRST GUILDS WERE MERCHANT GUILDS WHICH CONTROLLED THE AMOUNT OF GOODS BEING TRADED, REGULATED PRICES AND PROVIDED SECURITY TO REDUCE LOSSES - ARTISANS BEGAN TO CREATE CRAFT GUILDS TO HELP REGULATE THEIR INDUSTRY. CRAFT GUILDS SET STANDARDS FOR QUALITY OF GOODS PRODUCED, WAGES AND WORKING CONDITIONS

6. B. Interactions through Trade -EUROPEAN TRADE WAS CONTROLLED BY THE ITALIAN CITY-STATES IN THE SOUTH AND THE GERMANS IN THE NORTH -THE ITALIAN MERCHANTS CLASS BEGAN TO GROW EXTREMELY WEALTHY DUE TO INCREASED TRADE BETWEEN EUROPE AND THE MIDDLE EAST DUE TO THE CRUSADES -THESE MERCHANTS BEGAN TO DOMINATE THE POLITICAL SCENE OF THE ITALIAN CITY-STATES -THE GERMAN TRADING TOWNS WERE ORGANIZED AND REGULATED BY THE HANSEATIC LEAGUE. -THE PURPOSE OF THE HANSEATIC LEAGUE WAS TO PROTECT THE TRADING INTERESTS OF THE MEMBER TOWNS. -THE HANSEATIC LEAGUE HAD LARGE FLEETS OF SHIPS TO BRING GOODS THROUGHOUT NORTHERN EUROPE. -THE HANSEATIC LEAGUE COINED THEIR OWN MONEY, NEGOTIATED TREATIES AND MAINTAINED THEIR OWN ARMIES

8. C. End of an Era In the 1300s and 1400s, WESTERN EUROPE SUFFERED FROM TWO EVENTS THAT WILL BRING ABOUT THE END OF THE MIDDLE AGES (1) THE BUBONIC PLAGUE (2) THE HUNDRED YEARS WAR

9. (1) THE BUBONIC PLAGUE -DURING THE 1300S, AN EPIDEMIC KNOWN AS THE BUBONIC PLAGUE (BLACK DEATH) STRUCK PARTS OF ASIA, NORTH AFRICA AND EUROPE. -APPROXIMATELY ONE-THIRD OF THE POPULATION OF EUROPE DIED DURING THE BUBONIC PLAGUE. -THE PLAGUE BEGAN IN ASIA AND SPREAD THROUGHOUT THE WORLD BY MERCHANTS TRAVELING ON THE TRADE ROUTES. -THE PLAGUE KILLED ALMOST 25 MILLION EUROPEANS. -THE PLAGUE TOOK ABOUT 4 YEARS TO REACH ALMOST EVERY CORNER OF EUROPE

13. A) Effects of the Bubonic Plague (1) THE MANORIAL SYSTEM BEGAN TO CRUMBLE AS SERFS LEFT THE MANOR IN SEARCH OF BETTER WAGES (2) SURVIVING LABORERS DEMANDED HIGHER WAGES (3) NOBLES RESISTED DEMANDS FOR HIGHER WAGES CAUSING PEASANT REVOLTS (4) TRADE DECLINED AND PRICES ROSE (5) PRESTIGE OF THE CHURCH DECLINED WHEN PRAYER FAILED TO BRING AN END TO THE PLAGUE

14. (2) Hundred Years’ War -OVER A CENTURY OF WAR BETWEEN ENGLAND AND FRANCE BROUGHT ABOUT THE COLLAPSE OF MIDDLE AGE SOCIETY. - THE CONFLICTS BETWEEN THE TWO AROSE DUE TO THE ENGLISH TAKING CONTROL OF FRENCH LANDS IN WESTERN EUROPE -THE WAR BETWEEN ENGLAND AND FRANCE LASTED BETWEEN 1337 AND 1453. WAR CONTINUED OFF AND ON AND VICTORY PASSED BACK AND FORTH BETWEEN THE TWO COUNTRIES. -FINALLY, THE FRENCH DROVE ENGLAND OUT OF FRANCE. -THE EFFECTS OF THE WAR WERE (1) A FEELING OF NATIONALISM EMERGED IN ENGLAND AND FRANCE AS PEOPLE BEGAN TO TRUST THE KING AS A NATIONAL LEADER NOT THE FEUDAL LORDS. (2) RELIGIOUS DEVOTION AND THE CODE OF CHIVALRY CRUMBLED -THE END OF THE HUNDRED YEAR’S WAR IN 1453 IS CONSIDERED THE END OF THE MIDDLE AGES.

16. A) Joan of Arc -ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT FIGURES OF THE HUNDRED YEARS WAR WAS JOAN OF ARC. -IN 1429, JOAN OF ARC CLAIMED THAT HEAVENLY FORCES TOLD HER TO LEAD THE FRENCH FORCES TO VICTORY OVER THE ENGLISH. -THE KING OF FRANCE IN DIRE NEED OF VICTORIES RELUCTANTLY AGREED TO GIVE JOAN OF ARC CONTROL OF THE FRENCH ARMIES. -UNDER HER LEADERSHIP, THE FRENCH WON VARIOUS BATTLES AGAINST THE ENGLISH. -JOAN’S ABSOLUTE FAITH AND INTENSE PATRIOTISM SOON INSPIRED THE FRENCH TO NEW VICTORIES. -HOWEVER, JOAN OF ARC WAS CAPTURED AND EVENTUALLY WAS BURNED AT THE STAKE BY THE ENGLISH FOR HERESY. -HER DEATH CONTINUED TO INSPIRE THE FRENCH. HER MARTYRDOM FUELED A STRONG SENSE OF NATIONALISM AMONG THE FRENCH.

18. D. THE RENAISSANCE 1. ORIGINS -EUROPEANS THAT SURVIVED WAR AND THE PLAGUE BEGAN TO QUESTION THE INSTITUTIONS (CHURCH, FEUDAL LORDS) OF THE MIDDLE AGES THAT WERE UNABLE TO PREVENT WAR OR RELIEVE SUFFERING BROUGHT BY THE PLAGUE. - IN NORTHERN ITALY, WRITERS AND ARTISTS BEGAN TO EXPRESS THIS NEW SPIRIT AND TO EXPERIMENT WITH DIFFERENT STYLES. -THIS MOVEMENT BECAME KNOWN AS THE RENAISSANCE OR REBIRTH ( REVIVAL OF ART AND LEARNING OF THE CLASSICAL CIVILIZATIONS OF ROME AND GREECE)

19. 2. NEW IDEAS IN NORTHERN ITALY • THE RENAISSANCE BEGAN IN NORTHERN ITALY DUE FOUR MAJOR CAUSES; 1) OVERSEAS TRADE WITH THE MIDDLE EAST STARTED BY THE CRUSADES LED TO THE GROWTH OF WEALTHY POWERFUL NORTHERN ITALIAN CITY-STATES. THESE URBAN CENTERS BECAME CENTERS OF INTELLECTUAL THOUGHT. 2) DUE TO THIS TRADE, A WEALTHY POWERFUL MERCHANT CLASS DEVELOPED. (MEDICI FAMILY IN FLORENCE) EVENTUALLY, THESE MERCHANTS BEGAN TO SPEND THEIR MONEY ON LAVISH HOUSES FILLED WITH ARTWORK AND SCULPTURE. 3) THESE ARTISTS BEGAN RETURNING TO THE CLASSICAL CULTURES AND ROME AND GREECE FOR THEIR INSPIRATION. 4)SCHOLARS COMMISSIONED BY THE MERCHANT CLASS TO TEACH THEIR CHILDREN BEGAN TO STUDY LATIN AND GREEK MANUSCRIPTS BROUGHT TO ROME WHEN CONSTANTINOPLE FELL TO THE TURKS IN 1453.

21. Medici Family of Florence Medici Family Home

23. E. HUMANISM -THE STUDY OF CLASSICAL TEXTS HELPED SCHOLARS DEVELOP A NEW OUTLOOK ON LIFE AND ART. DEFINITION: AN INTELLECTUAL MOVEMENT THAT FOCUSED ON HUMAN POTENTIAL AND ACHIEVEMENT -HUMANISTS STUDIED A VARIETY OF SUBJECTS SUCH AS LITERATURE, HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHIES (HUMANITIES) -HUMANIST BELIEF FUELED THE CONCEPT OF A “ RENAISSANCE MAN” DEFINITION: CONCEPT WHERE AN INDIVIDUAL STROVE TO BECOME EDUCATED IN ALMOST ALL AREAS OF STUDY (ANCIENT GREEK CONCEPT OF A WELL- ROUNDED INDIVIDUAL)

24. F.Renaissance Art and Architecture - AS THE RENAISSANCE ADVANCED, ARTISTIC STYLES CHANGED. - SUPPORTED BY THE WEALTHY MERCHANT CLASS KNOWN AS PATRONS, DOZENS OF ARTISTS BEGAN TO WORK AND CREATE MANY INFLUENTIAL ARTWORKS. - RENAISSANCE ARTISTS BEGAN TO CREATE MORE REALISTIC PAINTINGS AND SCULPTURES. -RENAISSANCE PAINTERS BEGAN TO USE THE TECHNIQUE OF PERSPECTIVE, WHICH DEPICTS THREE DIMENSIONS ON A FLAT SURFACE.

25. 1) INFLUENTIAL ARTISTS A) MICHELANGELO -RENAISSANCE SCULPTOR, ARCHITECT, PAINTER AND POET -STUDIED ANATOMY IN ORDER TO CREATE MORE LIFELIKE SCULPTURES AND PAINTINGS. -HIS MOST FAMOUS WORKS INCLUDE THE PAINTINGS OF THE SISTINE CHAPEL, THE STATUE OF DAVID AND CONSTRUCTION OF THE DOME OF ST. PETER’S BASILICA IN ROME

29. 1) INFLUENTIAL ARTISTS (Pg.2) B) LEONARDO DA VINCI -PAINTER, SCULPTOR, INVENTOR AND SCIENTIST, -A “TRUE ”RENAISSANCE MAN -STUDIED ANATOMY AND BOTANY, COMPOSED NOTEBOOKS FULL OF OBSERVATIONS, EXPERIMENTS AND SKETCHES. -USE OF SCIENCE TO IMPROVE THE QUALITY OF HIS PAINTINGS. -PAINTED THE MONA LISA AND THE LAST SUPPER ARTISTS

33. 1) INFLUENTIAL ARTISTS (Pg.3) C) RAPHAEL SANZIO -LEARNED FROM STUDYING THE WORKS OF DA VINCI AND MICHELANGELO. -PAINTED NUMEROUS WORKS OF RELIGIOUS FIGURES SUCH AS MARY D)DONATELLO -ITALIAN SCULPTOR, DEPICTED RELIGIOUS FIGURES IN MARBLE AND BRONZE

35. G. RENAISSANCE WRITERS 1) NICCOLO MACHIAVELLI -WROTE THE POLITICAL GUIDEBOOK “ THE PRINCE” -IN THE BOOK, MACHIAVELLI EXAMINES HOW A RULER CAN GAIN POWER AND KEEP IT IN SPITE OF HIS ENEMIES. IN ORDER TO SUCCEED, MUST USE HIS BRAIN AS WELL AS HIS STRENGTH TO KEEP HIS POWER. -HE WAS NOT CONCERNED WITH WHAT WAS MORALLY RIGHT, BUT WHAT WAS POLITICALLY EFFECTIVE.

36. G. RENAISSANCE WRITERS (PG 2) 2) FRANCESCO PETRACH -FATHER OF THE RENAISSANCE HUMANISM -ITALIAN POET

38. H. THE RENAISSANCE SPREADS TO EUROPE -SLOWLY, RENAISSANCE IDEAS TRAVELED FROM ITALY TO NORTHERN EUROPE. -HOWEVER, AS IT REACHED THESE NEW LOCATIONS, THE RENAISSANCE TOOK ANOTHER FORM. -INSTEAD OF MERCHANTS AND BANKERS, KINGS, QUEENS AND NOBLES BECAME THE CHIEF PATRONS OF THE ARTS. -NORTHERN EUROPEAN SCHOLARS VIEWED RELIGION DIFFERENTLY THAN THE ITALIAN HUMANISTS. -INSTEAD OF STUDYING THE GREEK AND ROMAN CULTURE, THESE SCHOLARS STUDIED THE EARLY TEACHING OF THE CHRISTIANS. -HOWEVER, THEY STRESSED THE SAME IDEALS OF THE HUMANISTS SUCH AS INDIVIDUAL ACHIEVEMENT AND BEING HIGHLY EDUCATED.

39. I. THE PRINTING PRESS -A NEW INVENTION KNOWN AS THE PRINTING PRESS PLAYED A MAJOR ROLE IN SPREADING RENAISSANCE IDEAS TO EUROPE. -AROUND 1450, JOHANNES GUTENBURG OF GERMANY BECAME THE FIRST EUROPEAN TO USE MOVABLE TYPE TO PRINT COPIES OF THE BIBLE. -IN THIS PROCESS, PRINTERS WOULD PLACE INK ONTO WOODEN BLOCKS ETCHED WITH LETTERS. -THEN, THE BLOCKS WERE PRESSED ONTO PAPER LEAVING TYPE. MORE INK WAS PLACED ON THE BLOCK AND THE PROCESS WAS REPEATED. -IN THIS WAY, WRITINGS COULD BE REPRODUCED MANY TIMES. PRINTERS COULD THEN REARRANGE THE BLOCKS TO CREATE DIFFERENT PAGES. - BY 1475, PRINTING PRESSES OPERATED IN ENGLAND, FRANCE, GERMANY, ITALY AND SEVERAL OTHER EUROPEAN NATIONS.

40. I. THE PRINTING PRESS (PG. 2) IMPACT OF THE PRINTING PRESS 1) THESE BOOKS HELPED CARRY RENAISSANCE IDEAS TO A LARGER AUDIENCE. 2) AS PRINTING METHODS IMPROVED THE COST OF PRODUCING BOOKS FELL. 3) AS BOOK PRICES BECAME REASONABLE, COMMONERS BEGAN TO PURCHASE BOOKS. 4) DURING THIS TIME PERIOD, POPULAR BOOKS BEGAN TO BE PRINTED IN THE VERNACULAR LANGUAGE, OR THE COMMON LANGUAGE OF THE VARIOUS AREAS.

42. J. Northern Renaissance Writers -UNLIKE THE ITALIAN HUMANISTS, NORTHERN EUROPEAN WRITERS WERE INTERESTED IN THE WRITINGS OF THE EARLY CHRISTIANS. -THEY BEGAN TO ANALYZE THE BIBLE AND OTHER CHRISTIAN WRITINGS. 1) THOMAS MORE. -IN HIS BOOK, UTOPIA, HE CONDEMNED GOVERNMENTS AS CORRUPT AND ARGUED THAT ALL CITIZENS SHOULD BE EQUAL. 2) WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE -HIS STRENGTH WAS HIS ABILITY TO TRANSFORM WELL KNOWN STORIES INTO DRAMATIC MASTERPIECES. -HIS MOST FAMOUS WORKS INCLUDE HAMLET, ROMEO AND JULIET AND MACBETH.