Church Reform

1. Church Reform The “Middle” Middle Ages

2. Where we left off….. • Feudalistic Europe • Charlemagne's Kingdom • Invasions • Vikings • Attacked and looted monasteries • Mongols • The church is the only source of stability • Problems • Corruption • Learning not occurring • Monks could barely read • Popes had questionable morals

3. Monastic Revival • Starting in the 1000s a spiritual revival spread across Europe • Led by Monasteries • Wanted to return to basic principles of Christianity • New orders founded • Popes began to reform the Church • Restored and expanded power • “Age of Faith” • Problems • Village priests married • Positions in the church sold!! Called Simony • Practice of Lay Investiture • Kings in control of Church Bishops • Reforms • Cluny, France • New monastery founded in 910 C.E. • Followed Benedictine’s Rule • Reputation for virtue • 300 orders by 1000 C.E. • Began reform movement • Pope Leo IX • 1049 C.E. • Enforced laws against Priest marriage and Simony • Pope Gregory VII • 1073 C.E. • Spent time at Cluny • Determined to reform the church • Restructured the church • Pope advised by Curia • Curia acted as a court and developed Canon Law

4. Friars and Nuns • Early 1200s • Wandering friars spread Christianity • Took vows of Chastity, poverty, and obedience • Preached to the poor • Dominicans • One of the earliest orders • Founded by Dominic • Emphasized importance of learning, study • Franciscans • Founded by St. Francis of Assisi • Son of a rich merchant • Gave up wealth to preach at 20 years old • Women also participated in spiritual revival • Women joined the Dominicans • 1212 C.E. • A Franciscan order for women known as the Poor Clares opened • Founded by Clare and St. Francis of Assisi • Not allowed to travel • Lived in poverty

5. Cathedrals • Between 800 and 1100 a new style of architecture influenced Churches • Styles • Romanesque • Round arches • Heavy roof • Thick pillars, walls • Little light • Gothic • Appeared around 1100s • Thrust upward toward heaven • Huge stained-glass windows

10. The World in 1050 • Islam • Brilliant new civilization spread from Spain to India • Traders traded goods and ideas • India • Land of thriving cities • Politically divided • Hinduism and Buddhism flourished • China • Strong central government • Advances in technology: paper, printing, gunpowder • West Africa • Empire of Ghana expanding • Trading Gold • Americas • Mayas building cities • Incas flourishing in Peru • Byzantine Empire • Prospering • Scholars studying Greek and Roman classics • Constantinople was capital • Turks invade in 1050s and control Byzantine empire by 1071

12. The Crusades

13. Causes • 1093 Byzantine Empire Alexius I asked Pope Urban III for help fighting the Seljuk Turks • Urban agrees and calls for help at the Council of Clermont in 1095 • Rallied warriors for the liberation of Jerusalem and Holy Land from the Infidels, or unbelievers, the Muslims • “all who die shall have immediate remission of sins” • Within a year knights were on their way • Motives: • Knights wanted to win wealth and land • Were promised remission of their sins • adventure • Crusaders wanted to escape trouble at home • Pope Urban wanted to increase power and help heal schism • Kings and Princes used crusades to legitimize their rule by presenting themselves as a truly “Christian” state

14. Goals • To recover Jerusalem and the Holy Land from the Muslim Turks.

15. Soldiers’ Motives • Promise of riches, a release from their sins, and a place in Heaven if they died on Crusade • Younger sons were looking for land and a position in society

17. Pope’s Motives • Get rid of knights were fought each other and threatened the peace of the kingdom • Conquer land held by Byzantine Empire

19. The First Crusade • Began as three organized bands of warriors, mainly French • 1st organized group led by Godfrey of Bouillon • 1097: ill prepared Crusaders gathered in Constantinople. They had no plan or information and argued constantly. • Several thousands of warriors • Captured Antioch in 1098 • Traveled down the coast until they reached Jerusalem in June 1099 • 1099: they finally captured Jerusalem after a month-long battle • Massacred Muslim and Jewish residents • Established four states, each ruled by a European Noble • Depended on Italian states for supplies • Led by Godfrey, crowned “protector of Holy Sepulchre” • Cities like Venice, Genoa, and Pisa grew rich • 1114: Edessa was reconquered by the Turks

21. The Second Crusade • Saint Bernard of Clairvaux called for another crusade 1147 • King Louis VII of France and Emperor Conrad of Germany enlist in the 2nd crusade • Campaign was a failure • Initiated the Reconquista in Spain • Organized to recapture the city of Edessa but the armies escaped back to Europe in defeat • 1187: Europeans were shocked to learn Jerusalem itself had fallen to the Muslim leader Saladin • Defeated Europeans at Mount Hattin

22. The Third Crusade • 3rd crusade: • Led by Richard the Lion-hearted, the English King • Emperor Frederick Barbarossa of Germany and Philip II Augustus, King of France participated • Frederick drowned in a river • Philip and Richard took Acre in 1191 • Philip sailed back to France after a disagreement • Christians tried to retake Jerusalem but failed • 1192: After many battles, Richard and Saladin agreed to a truce • Jerusalem was still under Muslim control, but Saladin promised that unarmed Christian pilgrims could freely visit the city’s holy places

24. The Fourth Crusade • 1198: Pope Innocent III calls for another Crusade to capture Jerusalem • The knights get caught up in Italian and Byzantine politics on their way • 1204: They end up looting the city of Constantinople and end the Crusade • Showed corruption of Crusade idea • Byzantine empire did not regain control until 1261 • Was not the same power • Would continue to be weakened until Ottoman Turks conquered it in 1453

26. Knights • Crusades were not just in Jerusalem but also in North Africa • Crusades ended with city of Acre being captured in 1291 and a bloody massacre of Christians • Christian Knights withdrew from Holy Land • Knights Templar • Went to France • Teutonic Knights • Went to Baltic to continue fight against Muslims • 1309 moved headquarters to Rhodes • Given Malta by Emperor Charles V, not conquered until 1798 by Napoleon

27. Knights Templar

28. Teutonic Knights

30. Acre

31. Crusade Notes Impacts of the Crusades

32. Trade • Increased trade between Europe and Southwest Asia • Goods imported from S.W. Asia included spices, fruits, cotton, and cloth

33. Church • Lessened the power of the Pope

34. Feudal Rulers • Weakened the feudal nobility • Thousands of knights lost their lives and fortunes • Kings become stronger

35. Knowledge • European technology improves as Crusaders learn from Muslims • Windmills, Algebra, Medicine, and Arabic numbers are all brought over from the Muslims

36. Religious Views • Religious intolerance grows • For Muslims, the actions of Crusaders left behind feelings of bitterness and hatred • For Christians who remained in the area after the fall of the Crusader states, relations with Muslims worsened

37. Effects of the Crusades • Bitter legacy • Religious hatred between Muslims and Christians • Crusaders turned hatred towards Jews • Economic Expansion • Increased trade • Italian port cities became very wealthy and dominant in trade • Encouraged growth of money economy • Helped undermine serfdom • Power of Monarchs • Increased feudal power of monarchs, decreased power of feudalism • Rights to levy, or collect, taxes, to support crusades • Some led crusades, like Louis IX, added to their fame • Church • Papal power at its greatest height • Ended with clashes with feudal monarchs • Schism never healed • Worldview • Contact with Muslims lead to want to understand larger world • Creates trade with India and China and will lead to age of Exploration

38. Spain • Crusading spirit continued in Spain • Christians longed to reclaim their land from the Muslims • Called the Reconquista or “reconquest” • 1085: recaptured city of Toledo • 1300: Christians controlled almost of all Spain • Muslim influence remained

39. Ferdinand and Isabella • 1469 Isabella of Castile married Ferdinand of Aragon • Created a unified state • Combined forces to finally expel the Muslims • 1492 completed the Reconquista with the capture of Granada • Isabella ended Muslim policy of religious toleration • Supports the Inquisition • Court to accuse people of heresy • Jews and Muslims attacked and burned at the stake • Isabella expelled Jews in 1492 and Muslims that didn’t convert by 1502