Anchor BIO.A.3.1 Identify and describe the cell structures involved in processing energy

1. Anchor BIO.A.3.1Identify and describe the cell structures involved in processing energy • BIO.A.3.1.1 Describe the fundamental roles of plastids (chloroplasts) & mitochondria in energy transformations. 18

2. Anchor BIO.A.3.2 Identify and describe howorganisms obtain and transform energy for their life processes. • BIO.A.3.2.1 Compare the basic transformation of energy during photosynthesis and cellular respiration. 19

3. No O2 O2 Fermentation Krebs Cycle (Chemiosmosis)

4. Slide 10 & Slide 11 Chloroplasts are contained within the cells of Green plants, algae & some protists. These structures contain the pigment “Chlorophyll” which is able to absorb light energy and use it to make glucose (C6H12O6) from H2O & CO2 in a process called Photosynthesis. This carbohydrate represents stored chemical energy which can be later used to power (food) the energy needs of a cell. Plants are the autotrophic producers which provide food to the rest of a heterotrophic consumers (herbivores, carnivores) within a ecosystem Food Web. Mitochondria are organelles found in eukaryotic cells and are used to release the energy stored within the glucose molecules in a process called Cellular Respiration. Oxygen is delivered to the cell’s mitochondria to be used in the break down of glucose and release the chemical energy stored in the bonds of glucose. This energy is then used to make Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP).

5. Anchor BIO.A.3.2 Identify and describe how organisms obtain and transform energy for their life processes. • BIO.A.3.2.2 Describe the role of ATP in biochemical reactions. 20

6. Although glucose has stored energy in its covalent bonds, it is way too much to be released all at once—will destroy the delicate internal structures of cells. Therefore, the mitochondria is used (w/ O2) to break down this stored energy into smaller amounts held in the ATP molecule. ATP is the “universal energy molecule” used by all organisms to do cellular work such as building the bonds of macromolecules --(glucose into starch/glycogen), movement --(muscle contraction), cellular transport --(moving material across cell membrane during Active Transport). When the last Phosphate grp is released for energy, cellular respiration is used to “reattach” it to be reused …..ATP  ADP (cell respir)  ATP

7. FINAL EXAM • BIO.A.4 Homeostasis & Transport • BIO.B.1 Cell Growth & Reproduction • BIO.B.2 Genetics • BIO.B.3 Theory of Evolution

8. Anchor BIO.A.4.1 Identify and describe the cell structures involved in transport of materials into, out of, and throughout a cell • BIO.A.4.1.1 Describe how the structure of the plasma membrane allows it to function as a regulatory structure and /or protective barrier for a cell. 1

9. The cell membrane is a semi-permeable bilayer structure consisting to two layers of phospholipids molecules, embedded proteins --(mostly used for cell transport & cell recognition) and cholesterol molecules--(helps with holding membrane together). All cells (prokaryotes & eukaryotes) have a cell membrane. Its primary job is to regulate the passage of material into the cell (i.e. glucose, amino acids) and as well as out of the cell (proteins, wastes). This control also protects cell from unwanted molecules/bacteria/viruses from entering into the cell.

10. Anchor BIO.A.4.1 Identify and describe the cell structures involved in transport of materials into, out of, and throughout a cell • BIO.A.4.1.2 Compare the mechanisms that transport materials across the plasma membrane (i.e., Passive transport  diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion; and Active transport  pumps, endocytosis, exocytosis). 2

11. Passive Cellular Transport —relies on simple diffusion for molecules to follow their concentration gradient (Higher amount to lower amount of molecules) across a cell membrane. Some molecules such as O2 & CO2 can freely pass (diffusion) thru the phospholipid bi-layer . (Osmosis is specifically used to describe the diffusion/movement of water). However, others must go thru specific facilitated diffusion proteins that act like gated doorways (i.e. glucose, amino acids). Active Cellular Transport --must use energy (usually ATP) to “pump” certain molecules or ions across the membrane against their concentration gradient. (Lower amounts to higher amounts). This acts to stockpile these molecules/ions across a membrane barrier so they can be used to do some sort of work (sort of like storage of water up in a tall tower to create high pressure)

12. Anchor BIO.A.4.1 Identify and describe the cell structures involved in transport of materials into, out of, and throughout a cell • BIO.A.4.1.3 Describe how membrane-bound cellular organelles (e.g., endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus) facilitate the transport of materials within a cell. lysosome Transport Vesicle 3

13. During the Process of Protein Synthesis, the DNA gene is transcribed (copied) by messenger RNA inside the Nucleus. The mRNA then travels outside to the Rough ER with it attaches to one of the ribosomes (rRNA). It is there that the mRNA is translated by way of transfer RNAs (tRNA) bringing to the ribosome the specific amino acids that was encoded on the stand of mRNA. These amino acids are linked together to form the protein specified by the DNA gene. This protein is then encased inside a Transport Vesicle (membrane made of phospholipid bilayer) where it travels to the Golgi Body. The vesicle merges with the Golgi where it is further processed/modified. The end product may be a Lysosome used inside the cell or it may be packaged into a Secretory Vesicle for release outside the cell by way of exocytosis.

14. Exocytosis– the Active Transport process in which materials are moved out of cell membrane using membrane bound vesicle • Endocytosis– the Active Transport process in which materials are moved into cell membrane using membrane bound vesicle

15. BIO.A.4.2 Explain mechanisms that permit organisms to maintain biological balance between internal & external environments. • BIO.A.4.2.1 Explain how organisms maintain homeostasis (e.g., thermoregulation, water regulation, oxygen regulation). Regulation of Body Temp. 4

16. One of the Characteristics of Life is homeostasis —which is the ability to maintain a stable internal environment when the outside environment changes (i.e. temperature, pH, water concentration, etc). Temperature Regulation—the human brain can sense body temperature increases/decreases by way of monitoring blood. If body temp. increases, it causes body to increase blood flow to skin and produce sweat. As sweat evaporates, it cools the blood. If body temp. decreases, the blood flow to the skin is restricted thereby conserving heat loss. Water Regulation– The brain also monitors water concentration of the blood and releases hormones to regulate water loss using the kidneys. As the blood flows through the kidneys, if the body fluids (blood) contain too much water, the kidneys can release it for storage in the bladder as urine. If the body is dehydrated, the kidneys will recycle the water back into the bloodstream.

17. Anchor BIO.B.1.1 Describe the three stages ofthe cell cycle: interphase, nuclear division, cytokinesis • BIO.B.1.1.1 Describe the events that occur during the cell cycle: Interphase, Nuclear division (mitosis or meiosis), & Cytokinesis. Daughter Cells Mitotic Cell Cycle (Body Cells) 5

18. Three Stages to the Body Cell Cycle: Interphase: Time between mitosis divided into 3 stages: G1 phase: cells grow and some cells (nerve) never leave. S phase: DNA is replicated (copied) G2 phase: organelles are produced for mitosis Mitosis: The division of the nucleus takes place in four phases. Prophase: Nuclear envelope dissolves and pairs of sister chromatids form. Metaphase: Sister chromatids align along the middle of the cell. Anaphase: Centromeres split and chromosomes migrate to opposite ends of the cell. Telophase: Chromosomes begin to unwind reforming chromatin at opposite poles of the cell. Cytokinesis: Division of the cellcytoplasm. In animals a cleavage furrow forms dividing the two daughter cells. In plants a cell plate forms and serves as a scaffolding for the formation of the cell wall. The daughter cells enter G1 phase of their own cycle.

19. Anchor BIO.B.1.1 Describe the three stages ofthe cell cycle: interphase, nuclear division, & cytokinesis • BIO.B.1.1.2 Compare the processes and outcomes of mitotic and meiotic nuclear divisions. 6

21. Anchor BIO.B.1.2 Explain how genetic information is inherited • BIO.B.1.2.1 Describe how the process of DNA replication results in the transmission and/or conservation of genetic information. 7

22. The parent DNA unwinds and the nitrogen bases disconnect. New complementary nitrogen bases bond with the now open original bases forming two new daughter strands of DNA exactly the same as the original Parent strand. Remember Base Pair Rules: • Adenine bonds with thymine. • Guanine bonds with cytosine. New complementary bases bond to open original bases. old old new PH Website PHSchool.com code: cbp-4122

23. Anchor BIO.B.1.2 Explain how genetic information is inherited • BIO.B.1.2.2 Explain the functional relationships between DNA, genes, alleles & chromosomes and their roles in inheritance. 8

24. DNA is the chemical that contains the genetic information for the formation of proteins. A gene is a section of DNA which contains the coded instructions to make a specific protein. Alleles are the different forms of a gene (i.e. purple vs. white). A chromosome is a long coiled-up segment of DNA & proteins which is a collection of many genes which are inherited together as a chromosome. Chromosomes (and the genes they contain) are passed from generation to generation by SEX.